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The historical term compiler differs from today’s usage; A-0 also resembles a linker or macro-assembler.","sources":[{"label":"Computer History Museum · 1952 chronology","url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1952/"},{"label":"IEEE Computer Society · compiler terminology and Hopper’s work","url":"https://history.computer.org/hopper.html"}],"precision":"year","related":["eniac-unveiled","lisp","python-public","copilot"],"milestone":false,"thread":"software","format":"Software milestone","status":"recorded"},{"id":"logic-theorist","date":"1955","category":"tools","title":"Logic Theorist begins","organization":"RAND / Carnegie Tech","people":["Allen Newell","Herbert Simon","Cliff Shaw"],"summary":"Work begins on a program that searches for mathematical proofs.","significance":"Symbolic reasoning becomes a working software project.","sources":[{"label":"computerhistory.org","url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1955/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"companyId":"rand","companyIds":["rand"],"milestone":false},{"id":"dartmouth-proposal","date":"1955-08-31","category":"research","title":"The name “artificial intelligence”","organization":"Dartmouth","people":["John McCarthy","Marvin Minsky","Nathaniel Rochester","Claude Shannon"],"summary":"A research proposal gives the emerging field its enduring name.","significance":"The proposal precedes the better-known summer workshop.","sources":[{"label":"www-formal.stanford.edu","url":"https://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"dartmouth","date":"1956","category":"labs","title":"The Dartmouth summer","organization":"Dartmouth","people":["John McCarthy","Marvin Minsky","Nathaniel Rochester","Claude Shannon"],"summary":"Researchers gather for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.","significance":"A formative meeting for AI as a research discipline.","sources":[{"label":"admissions.dartmouth.edu","url":"https://admissions.dartmouth.edu/follow/3d-magazine/dartmouth-and-dawn-ai"}],"precision":"year","related":["dartmouth-proposal","lisp","dendral"],"milestone":true},{"id":"fairchild-origin","date":"1957","category":"tools","title":"Fairchild Semiconductor starts a Silicon Valley family tree","organization":"Fairchild Semiconductor","people":["Robert Noyce","Gordon Moore","Julius Blank","Victor Grinich","Jean Hoerni","Eugene Kleiner","Jay Last","Sheldon Roberts"],"summary":"Eight engineers leave Shockley’s laboratory to establish Fairchild Semiconductor with backing from Fairchild Camera and Instrument.","significance":"Its engineers and spinouts help turn the region into a semiconductor and startup center.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://computerhistory.org/fairchildren/"},{"label":"Founding and Silicon Valley spinouts","url":"https://computerhistory.org/blog/fairchild-and-the-fairchildren/"}],"precision":"year","related":["hp-origin","intel-origin","tsmc-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"fairchild","companyIds":["fairchild"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"perceptron","date":"1958","category":"research","title":"The perceptron","organization":"Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory","people":["Frank Rosenblatt"],"summary":"Rosenblatt publishes a probabilistic model for learning and information storage.","significance":"Learning from examples becomes a concrete research direction.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"companyId":"cal","companyIds":["cal"],"milestone":false},{"id":"lisp","date":"1958","category":"tools","title":"Lisp takes shape","organization":"MIT","people":["John McCarthy"],"summary":"A language built around symbolic lists becomes a central tool for AI research.","significance":"Researchers gain a flexible way to represent programs and knowledge.","sources":[{"label":"computerhistory.org","url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1958/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"samuel","date":"1959","category":"research","title":"A checkers program learns","organization":"IBM","people":["Arthur Samuel"],"summary":"Samuel describes experiments in machine learning using a checkers-playing program.","significance":"Learning improves a game-playing system through experience.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.33.0210"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ibm"},{"id":"planar-ic","date":"1960","category":"research","title":"Fairchild builds a planar integrated circuit","organization":"Fairchild Semiconductor","people":["Jay Last","Robert Noyce","Jean Hoerni","Fairchild development team"],"summary":"Fairchild fabricates a working planar integrated circuit, combining components on a silicon chip. Jack Kilby had demonstrated an earlier integrated circuit at Texas Instruments in 1958.","significance":"Planar manufacturing helps turn integrated circuits into scalable products. Increasing chip density connects this work to microprocessors and modern computing.","sources":[{"label":"Computer History Museum · planar integrated circuit","url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/first-planar-integrated-circuit-is-fabricated/"},{"label":"Texas Instruments: Kilby’s earlier 1958 demonstration","url":"https://www.ti.com/about-ti/behind-chip/articles/from-idea-to-invention-the-origin-story-of-the-tiny-chip-that-changed-the-world.html"}],"precision":"year","related":["transistor","intel-4004","tsmc-founded"],"milestone":false,"thread":"compute","status":"recorded","companyId":"fairchild","companyIds":["fairchild"]},{"id":"dendral","date":"1965","category":"tools","title":"DENDRAL: expertise in software","organization":"Stanford","people":["Edward Feigenbaum","Joshua Lederberg","Carl Djerassi"],"summary":"A research system applies chemical knowledge to infer molecular structures.","significance":"A landmark in expert systems and domain-specific AI.","sources":[{"label":"computerhistory.org","url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1965/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"eliza","date":"1966","category":"tools","title":"ELIZA talks back","organization":"MIT","people":["Joseph Weizenbaum"],"summary":"A language-processing program uses scripted rules to imitate conversation.","significance":"The gap between apparent understanding and actual capability becomes visible.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"shakey","date":"1966","category":"tools","title":"Shakey’s research begins","organization":"SRI","people":["Charles Rosen","Nils Nilsson","Bertram Raphael"],"summary":"SRI begins a mobile-robot project combining perception, planning, and movement.","significance":"An early bridge from abstract AI to action in the physical world.","sources":[{"label":"sri.com","url":"https://www.sri.com/hoi/shakey-the-robot/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"companyId":"sri","companyIds":["sri"],"milestone":false},{"id":"intel-origin","date":"1968-07-18","category":"tools","title":"Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore found Intel","organization":"Intel","people":["Robert Noyce","Gordon Moore"],"summary":"Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore incorporate the semiconductor venture that becomes Intel.","significance":"Semiconductor manufacturing and microprocessors provide foundations for personal computers, servers and later AI infrastructure.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/virtual-vault/articles/intels-founding.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["fairchild-origin","ibm-pc","cuda"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"intel","companyIds":["intel"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"perceptrons-book","date":"1969","category":"research","title":"The limits of perceptrons","organization":"MIT","people":["Marvin Minsky","Seymour Papert"],"summary":"Perceptrons analyzes the capabilities and limitations of a class of neural-network models.","significance":"The book is part of the debate about which approaches to intelligence can scale.","sources":[{"label":"mitpress.mit.edu","url":"https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262631112/perceptrons/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"apollo11","date":"1969-07-20","category":"impact","title":"Apollo 11 lands humans on the Moon","organization":"NASA","people":["Neil Armstrong","Buzz Aldrin","Michael Collins","Apollo engineering and mission teams"],"summary":"Apollo 11’s lunar module lands on the Moon. Armstrong and Aldrin explore the surface while Collins remains in lunar orbit.","significance":"Human spaceflight brings together propulsion, computing, navigation and large engineering teams. Reusable launch vehicles and satellite networks extend the spaceflight story in later decades.","sources":[{"label":"NASA · Apollo 11 mission record","url":"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/apollo/apollo-11/apollo-11-mission-overview/"}],"precision":"day","related":["falcon1-orbit","crew-dragon-demo2","starship-first-catch"],"milestone":false,"thread":"space","status":"recorded"},{"id":"arpanet","date":"1969-10-29","category":"tools","title":"ARPANET sends its first message","organization":"ARPA / UCLA / Stanford Research Institute","people":["Charley Kline","Bill Duvall","Leonard Kleinrock","ARPANET collaborators"],"summary":"The first computer-to-computer message on ARPANET travels between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute.","significance":"Packet-switched research networks become a foundation for the internet. Shared network protocols and the Web later turn connected computers into everyday infrastructure.","sources":[{"label":"DARPA · ARPANET history","url":"https://www.darpa.mil/news/features/arpanet"}],"precision":"day","related":["tcp-ip","web-public","starlink-direct-cell"],"milestone":false,"thread":"web","status":"recorded","companyId":"sri","companyIds":["sri"]},{"id":"shrdlu","date":"1970","category":"tools","title":"SHRDLU’s blocks world","organization":"MIT","people":["Terry Winograd"],"summary":"A system follows language instructions inside a simulated world of blocks.","significance":"Language, reasoning, and action meet in a deliberately limited environment.","sources":[{"label":"hci.stanford.edu","url":"https://hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs047n/readings/winograd-understand.pdf"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"intel-4004","date":"1971-11-15","category":"tools","title":"Intel introduces the 4004 microprocessor","organization":"Intel","people":["Federico Faggin","Ted Hoff","Stanley Mazor","Masatoshi Shima"],"summary":"Intel announces the 4004 chipset as a standalone product after developing it for Busicom calculators.","significance":"Putting programmable CPU functions onto a chip helps make computers smaller and more affordable. Personal computers and later accelerators continue this hardware story.","sources":[{"label":"Intel · 4004 announcement history","url":"https://timeline.intel.com/1971/the-first-programmable-microprocessor:-the-4004"}],"precision":"day","related":["transistor","planar-ic","apple-ii","ibm-pc","cuda"],"milestone":false,"thread":"compute","status":"recorded","companyId":"intel","companyIds":["intel"]},{"id":"sequoia-founded","date":"1972","category":"labs","title":"Sequoia Capital is founded","organization":"Sequoia Capital","people":["Don Valentine"],"summary":"Sequoia Capital begins operating in 1972.","significance":"The archive includes the investment organizations behind AI companies; this founding predates many of their AI investments.","sources":[{"label":"sequoiacap.com","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/our-history"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"sequoia","format":"Investor origins"},{"id":"lighthill","date":"1973","category":"impact","title":"The Lighthill report","organization":"UK Science Research Council","people":["James Lighthill"],"summary":"A critical review questions the progress and ambitions of contemporary AI research.","significance":"A key document in the history of reduced enthusiasm and research support.","sources":[{"label":"aiai.ed.ac.uk","url":"https://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/events/lighthill1973/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"microsoft-origin","date":"1975-04-04","category":"tools","title":"Bill Gates and Paul Allen start Microsoft","organization":"Microsoft","people":["Bill Gates","Paul Allen"],"summary":"Bill Gates and Paul Allen begin Microsoft in the emerging personal-computer software industry.","significance":"A major software company grows alongside the PC platform, long before its cloud and AI products.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://explore.microsoft.com/en-us/edge/microsoft-50th-anniversary"}],"precision":"day","related":["ibm-pc","windows95","gpt4-copilot"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"microsoft","companyIds":["microsoft"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"menlo-founded","date":"1976","category":"labs","title":"Menlo Ventures is founded","organization":"Menlo Ventures","people":["H. DuBose Montgomery"],"summary":"A venture firm investing in technology and healthcare, including AI infrastructure and applications.","significance":"Venture capital is part of the ecosystem that helps new technologies scale. The firm’s origins precede the later AI investments linked in its profile.","sources":[{"label":"Founding partner · 1976 origins","url":"https://menlovc.com/team/h-dubose-montgomery/"},{"label":"Official office locations","url":"https://menlovc.com/contact/"},{"label":"Firm history and AI strategy","url":"https://menlovc.com/perspective/menlo-turns-50-and-announces-3b-in-fresh-capital-to-go-all-in-on-ai/"}],"precision":"year","related":["openai","anthropic"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"menlo","format":"Investor origins","status":"founded"},{"id":"apple-ii","date":"1977-06-10","category":"tools","title":"Apple II begins shipping","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Wozniak","Steve Jobs"],"summary":"Apple begins shipping the Apple II, a complete personal computer with a keyboard, color graphics and expansion slots.","significance":"Personal computing reaches more homes, classrooms and small businesses through an expandable, ready-to-use machine.","sources":[{"label":"computerhistory.org","url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/june/10/"}],"precision":"day","related":["ibm-pc","macintosh"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"released","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"oracle-origin","date":"1977-06-16","category":"tools","title":"Oracle’s founders start Software Development Laboratories","organization":"Oracle","people":["Larry Ellison","Bob Miner","Ed Oates"],"summary":"Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates start the company originally named Software Development Laboratories, later Oracle.","significance":"Enterprise databases become core business infrastructure, preceding the later cloud and AI data-platform eras.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://investor.oracle.com/faq/default.aspx"},{"label":"Founders and company timeline","url":"https://www.oracle.com/corporate/"}],"precision":"day","related":["salesforce-origin","snowflake-origin","databricks-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"oracle","companyIds":["oracle"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"ibm-pc","date":"1981-08-12","category":"tools","title":"IBM introduces the PC","organization":"IBM","people":["Don Estridge"],"summary":"IBM unveils the Personal Computer 5150, built around an Intel processor and an ecosystem of outside components and software.","significance":"The IBM-compatible PC becomes a major platform for the hardware and software industry. It is not the first personal computer.","sources":[{"label":"ibm.com","url":"https://www.ibm.com/history/personal-computer"}],"precision":"day","related":["apple-ii","macintosh","windows95"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"ibm","companyIds":["ibm"]},{"id":"hopfield","date":"1982","category":"research","title":"Networks with associative memory","organization":"Caltech","people":["John Hopfield"],"summary":"A recurrent network model connects collective computation with physical systems.","significance":"Patterns can be stored and recovered through a network’s dynamics.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"accel-founded","date":"1983","category":"labs","title":"Accel is founded","organization":"Accel","people":["Arthur Patterson","Jim Swartz"],"summary":"Accel begins operating in 1983.","significance":"The archive includes the investment organizations behind AI companies; this founding predates many of their AI investments.","sources":[{"label":"accel.com","url":"https://www.accel.com/team/arthur-patterson"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"accel","format":"Investor origins"},{"id":"tcp-ip","date":"1983-01-01","category":"tools","title":"ARPANET switches to TCP/IP","organization":"Internet research community","people":["Vint Cerf","Robert Kahn","ARPANET operators"],"summary":"ARPANET moves from its earlier host protocol to TCP/IP in a coordinated transition.","significance":"Common protocols allow different networks to communicate. The Web, online platforms and cloud services can grow on top of that shared network foundation.","sources":[{"label":"Internet Society · history of the internet","url":"https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet/"}],"precision":"day","related":["arpanet","web-public","aws-s3","starlink-direct-cell"],"milestone":false,"thread":"web","status":"recorded"},{"id":"dell-origin","date":"1984","category":"tools","title":"Michael Dell starts a direct-to-customer PC company","organization":"Dell","people":["Michael Dell"],"summary":"Michael Dell starts a computer business from his University of Texas dorm room, building a direct-to-customer model.","significance":"The PC industry expands through new distribution and manufacturing approaches, alongside the software ecosystem.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.dell.com/en-in/lp/dt/timeline"}],"precision":"year","related":["ibm-pc","windows95","mac-m1"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"dell","companyIds":["dell"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"macintosh","date":"1984-01-24","category":"tools","title":"Apple introduces Macintosh","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Jobs","Macintosh engineering team"],"summary":"The original Macintosh introduces a mouse-driven graphical desktop in a compact all-in-one computer, with MacWrite and MacPaint.","significance":"Graphical interfaces make personal computing more approachable. The Mac popularizes this approach rather than inventing the GUI or mouse.","sources":[{"label":"web.stanford.edu","url":"https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/mac/primary/docs/pr1.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["apple-ii","ibm-pc","windows95","imac-g3"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"released","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"asml-founded","date":"1984-04-01","category":"labs","title":"ASML is founded","organization":"ASML","people":["Philips and ASM International founding teams"],"summary":"Philips and ASM International establish ASM Lithography, later known as ASML.","significance":"The archive includes the chip-manufacturing equipment behind modern AI compute.","sources":[{"label":"asml.com","url":"https://www.asml.com/en/company/stories/2024/asml-founding-story"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"asml","companyIds":["asml"]},{"id":"boltzmann","date":"1985","category":"research","title":"Learning in Boltzmann machines","organization":"Neural computation","people":["David Ackley","Geoffrey Hinton","Terrence Sejnowski"],"summary":"A learning algorithm trains stochastic networks of connected units.","significance":"Probability and representation learning come together in neural networks.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0901_7"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"aol-origin","date":"1985-05-24","category":"tools","title":"Quantum Computer Services begins the AOL story","organization":"AOL","people":["Jim Kimsey","Marc Seriff","Steve Case"],"summary":"Quantum Computer Services forms in 1985, the online-services business that later becomes America Online.","significance":"Dial-up services, email and chat help bring networked computing into ordinary homes before the social web.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://time.com/3857628/aol-1985-history/"}],"precision":"day","related":["web-public","yahoo-origin","myspace-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"aol","companyIds":["aol"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"backprop","date":"1986","category":"research","title":"Backpropagation finds an audience","organization":"Connectionism","people":["David Rumelhart","Geoffrey Hinton","Ronald Williams"],"summary":"A widely influential paper explains learning internal representations by propagating errors backward.","significance":"It helps revive multilayer neural-network research; the method has earlier roots.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/323533a0"}],"precision":"year","related":["deepbelief","alexnet"],"milestone":false},{"id":"tsmc-founded","date":"1987","category":"labs","title":"TSMC pioneers the dedicated foundry","organization":"TSMC","people":["Morris Chang"],"summary":"Morris Chang establishes TSMC, pioneering a business dedicated to manufacturing other companies’ chip designs.","significance":"An important industrial foundation for the later AI hardware ecosystem.","sources":[{"label":"cld.tsmc.com","url":"https://www.cld.tsmc.com/english/aboutTSMC"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"tsmc","companyIds":["tsmc"]},{"id":"tdlearning","date":"1988","category":"research","title":"Learning from temporal differences","organization":"Reinforcement learning","people":["Richard Sutton"],"summary":"A paper develops temporal-difference methods for prediction through experience.","significance":"A foundation for learning from delayed outcomes.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115009"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"python-public","date":"1991-02","category":"tools","title":"Python reaches its first public release","organization":"Python","people":["Guido van Rossum"],"summary":"Guido van Rossum publishes Python to USENET after beginning development at CWI in 1989. His own account dates the first public release to February 1991.","significance":"A general-purpose language becomes a shared foundation for scientific computing and later AI frameworks, including TensorFlow and PyTorch.","sources":[{"label":"Creator’s account of the first release","url":"https://docs.python.org/3.12/faq/general.html"},{"label":"History and licensing","url":"https://docs.python.org/3/license.html"}],"precision":"month","related":["tensorflow","pytorch","hf-transformers"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"python","companyIds":["python"],"format":"Open-source milestone","status":"released"},{"id":"web-public","date":"1991-08-06","category":"tools","title":"The World Wide Web is publicly announced","organization":"CERN","people":["Tim Berners-Lee"],"summary":"Tim Berners-Lee posts an invitation to use the WorldWideWeb project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, describing browsers, servers and linked documents.","significance":"The Web connects information across computers through links and shared protocols. This public announcement follows the first working browser and server at CERN in 1990.","sources":[{"label":"w3.org","url":"https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1991/08/art-6484.txt"}],"precision":"day","related":["windows95","imac-g3","iphone-original","android-g1"],"milestone":false,"format":"Public Web announcement","status":"announced"},{"id":"linux-announcement","date":"1991-08-25","category":"tools","title":"Linus Torvalds announces Linux","organization":"Linux","people":["Linus Torvalds"],"summary":"Linus Torvalds announces his hobby operating-system project on comp.os.minix. This is the first announcement, before the initial source release.","significance":"Linux later becomes core infrastructure for servers and AI compute. The early source license restricted commercial use; the project adopted the GPL in 1992.","sources":[{"label":"Original announcement reproduced by the Linux Foundation","url":"https://training.linuxfoundation.org/blog/happy-30th-linux/"},{"label":"Original 0.12 release notes and licensing change","url":"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12"},{"label":"Current license and Tux attribution","url":"https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["docker-public","kubernetes-1","cuda"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"linux","companyIds":["linux"],"format":"Project announcement","status":"announced"},{"id":"qlearning","date":"1992","category":"research","title":"Q-learning","organization":"Reinforcement learning","people":["Christopher Watkins","Peter Dayan"],"summary":"A paper establishes convergence conditions for a model-free learning algorithm.","significance":"An agent can learn action values from experience.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992698"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"nvidia-founded","date":"1993-04-05","category":"labs","title":"NVIDIA is founded","organization":"NVIDIA","people":["Jensen Huang","Chris Malachowsky","Curtis Priem"],"summary":"NVIDIA begins with a focus on graphics for gaming and multimedia.","significance":"Its later GPU and CUDA ecosystem becomes important infrastructure for scientific computing and modern AI. The company predates the current AI boom.","sources":[{"label":"Company announcement","url":"https://www.nvidia.com/en-gb/about-nvidia/corporate-timeline/"}],"precision":"day","related":["cuda","alexnet"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"nvidia","companyIds":["nvidia"],"thread":"compute","format":"Company founding","status":"recorded"},{"id":"yahoo-origin","date":"1994","category":"tools","title":"Yahoo begins as a guide to the Web","organization":"Yahoo","people":["Jerry Yang","David Filo"],"summary":"Stanford students Jerry Yang and David Filo create the web directory that becomes Yahoo.","significance":"Directories, search and portals give a rapidly expanding Web a consumer-facing entry point.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.yahooinc.com/our-story"}],"precision":"year","related":["web-public","netscape-origin","google-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"yahoo","companyIds":["yahoo"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"netscape-origin","date":"1994-04","category":"tools","title":"Netscape begins the commercial browser era","organization":"Netscape","people":["Marc Andreessen","Jim Clark"],"summary":"Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen start Mosaic Communications, later renamed Netscape Communications.","significance":"Commercial browsers help make the Web a mass-market software platform, with JavaScript following inside Netscape.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://history.computer.org/pubs/timeline.pdf"},{"label":"Navigator browser history","url":"https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/71176/"}],"precision":"month","related":["web-public","javascript-announcement","yahoo-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"netscape","companyIds":["netscape"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"svm","date":"1995","category":"research","title":"Support-vector networks","organization":"AT&T Bell Laboratories","people":["Corinna Cortes","Vladimir Vapnik"],"summary":"Support-vector networks offer a powerful method for classification.","significance":"Statistical learning advances alongside neural-network research.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"companyId":"belllabs","companyIds":["belllabs"],"milestone":false},{"id":"amazon-origin","date":"1995-07","category":"tools","title":"Amazon opens its online bookstore","organization":"Amazon","people":["Jeff Bezos"],"summary":"Amazon opens its online bookstore in July 1995, after Jeff Bezos began the company in 1994.","significance":"Online retail develops into a large-scale software and logistics business; AWS later makes computing infrastructure available to other developers.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/workplace/first-amazon-office-jeff-bezos-garage"}],"precision":"month","related":["ebay-origin","aws-s3","stripe-agentic-commerce"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"amazon","companyIds":["amazon"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"windows95","date":"1995-08-24","category":"tools","title":"Windows 95 launches","organization":"Microsoft","people":["Bill Gates","Microsoft Windows team"],"summary":"Microsoft launches Windows 95 with the Start menu and taskbar, bringing a new desktop experience to the PC market.","significance":"A defining mass-market software platform establishes interaction patterns that persist across later generations of Windows.","sources":[{"label":"news.microsoft.com","url":"https://news.microsoft.com/about/"}],"precision":"day","related":["ibm-pc","macintosh","web-public"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"released","companyId":"microsoft","companyIds":["microsoft"]},{"id":"ebay-origin","date":"1995-09","category":"tools","title":"AuctionWeb begins the eBay marketplace","organization":"eBay","people":["Pierre Omidyar"],"summary":"Pierre Omidyar launches AuctionWeb, the person-to-person online marketplace later named eBay.","significance":"The Web becomes a place where individuals transact with one another, with reputation and trust built into a digital marketplace.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.ebayinc.com/company/our-history/"}],"precision":"month","related":["amazon-origin","stripe-agentic-commerce"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ebay","companyIds":["ebay"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"javascript-announcement","date":"1995-12-04","category":"tools","title":"Netscape and Sun announce JavaScript","organization":"JavaScript","people":["Brendan Eich"],"summary":"Netscape and Sun announce the JavaScript name. Brendan Eich created the language at Netscape in May 1995; it had already appeared publicly as LiveScript in the September Navigator 2.0 beta.","significance":"Programmable web pages grow into a platform for interactive applications, including later AI interfaces. This is the naming announcement, not the date the language was first created.","sources":[{"label":"JavaScript: The First 20 Years · co-authored by Brendan Eich","url":"https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/150FP/archive/brendan-eich/js-hopl.pdf"},{"label":"Language overview","url":"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/JavaScript"}],"precision":"day","related":["web-public","python-public","copilot"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"javascript","companyIds":["javascript"],"format":"Language announcement","status":"announced"},{"id":"lstm","date":"1997","category":"research","title":"Long short-term memory","organization":"Sequence learning","people":["Sepp Hochreiter","Jürgen Schmidhuber"],"summary":"LSTM introduces a recurrent architecture designed to learn long-range dependencies.","significance":"A building block for speech, handwriting, and sequence models.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"deepblue","date":"1997-05","category":"impact","title":"Deep Blue beats Kasparov","organization":"IBM","people":["Garry Kasparov","Feng-hsiung Hsu","Murray Campbell","A. Joseph Hoane Jr."],"summary":"IBM’s chess computer wins a six-game match against the reigning world champion.","significance":"A public milestone in specialized machine performance.","sources":[{"label":"ibm.com","url":"https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ibm"},{"id":"lenet","date":"1998","category":"research","title":"Learning to read handwriting","organization":"Bell Labs","people":["Yann LeCun","Léon Bottou","Yoshua Bengio","Patrick Haffner"],"summary":"Gradient-based learning and convolutional networks are demonstrated for document recognition.","significance":"Neural networks solve a practical recognition task.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"companyId":"belllabs","companyIds":["belllabs"],"milestone":false},{"id":"google-founded","date":"1998","category":"labs","title":"Google is founded","organization":"Google","people":["Larry Page","Sergey Brin"],"summary":"Larry Page and Sergey Brin establish Google following their Stanford research.","significance":"Google later builds research teams, tools, and infrastructure central to modern AI; its corporate history is distinct from DeepMind’s 2010 founding.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/alphabet/letter-from-larry-and-sergey/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google-parent"},{"id":"imac-g3","date":"1998-05-06","category":"tools","title":"Apple unveils the original iMac","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Jobs","Jony Ive"],"summary":"Apple unveils the colorful, translucent iMac, an all-in-one desktop designed around simple internet access and USB peripherals.","significance":"Industrial design and internet-first simplicity become central to Apple’s consumer-computing comeback. This is the May unveiling, before its August retail debut.","sources":[{"label":"macworld.com","url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/190458/original_imac.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["macintosh","web-public","ipod-original","macbook-air-original"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"salesforce-origin","date":"1999-03-08","category":"tools","title":"Salesforce incorporates to build cloud CRM","organization":"Salesforce","people":["Marc Benioff","Parker Harris","Dave Moellenhoff","Frank Dominguez"],"summary":"Salesforce incorporates and its founders begin building the first version of its CRM software.","significance":"Subscription software delivered over the internet challenges the traditional installed enterprise-software model.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://www.salesforce.com/news/stories/the-history-of-salesforce/"}],"precision":"day","related":["oracle-origin","hubspot-origin","claudeforce"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"salesforce","companyIds":["salesforce"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"lightspeed-founded","date":"2000","category":"labs","title":"Lightspeed Venture Partners is founded","organization":"Lightspeed Venture Partners","people":["Barry Eggers","Chris Schaepe","Ravi Mhatre","Peter Nieh"],"summary":"A global venture firm investing in technology companies, including frontier models, enterprise software and physical AI.","significance":"Venture capital is part of the ecosystem that helps new technologies scale. The firm’s origins precede the later AI investments linked in its profile.","sources":[{"label":"Official founding timeline · 2000","url":"https://lsvp.com/thefutureofvc/the-future-of-venture-capital/"},{"label":"Founder account and founding partners","url":"https://lsvp.com/team-member/barry-eggers/"},{"label":"Team and co-founder roles","url":"https://lsvp.com/lightspeed-team/"}],"precision":"year","related":["openai","anthropic"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"lightspeed","format":"Investor origins","status":"founded"},{"id":"aol-time-warner-agreement","date":"2000-01-10","category":"tools","title":"AOL and Time Warner announce their merger agreement","organization":"AOL","people":["Steve Case","Gerald Levin"],"summary":"AOL and Time Warner enter a merger agreement, combining an internet-service company with a major media business.","significance":"The proposed combination becomes an emblem of dot-com-era convergence. This is the agreement date; the merger closes in 2001.","sources":[{"label":"Milestone source","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-106shrg78185/pdf/CHRG-106shrg78185.pdf"}],"precision":"day","related":["aol-origin","yahoo-origin","facebook-launch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"aol","companyIds":["aol"],"format":"Merger agreement","status":"announced"},{"id":"randomforests","date":"2001","category":"research","title":"Random forests","organization":"UC Berkeley","people":["Leo Breiman"],"summary":"An ensemble of randomized decision trees becomes a practical prediction method.","significance":"AI history includes effective approaches beyond deep neural networks.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"ipod-original","date":"2001-10-23","category":"tools","title":"Apple introduces iPod","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Jobs"],"summary":"Apple introduces a portable digital music player that combines a hard drive, a scroll wheel and integration with iTunes on the Mac.","significance":"A dedicated consumer device connects personal computers to everyday digital media, setting up Apple’s broader mobile-device era.","sources":[{"label":"apple.com","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Presents-iPod/"}],"precision":"day","related":["imac-g3","iphone-original","ipad-original"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"myspace-origin","date":"2003","category":"tools","title":"Myspace makes social profiles a cultural platform","organization":"Myspace","people":["Tom Anderson","Chris DeWolfe"],"summary":"Myspace introduces a social network centered on personal profiles, interests and shared media.","significance":"Customizable profiles and music communities make social networking part of popular culture.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2014.pdf"}],"precision":"year","related":["friendster-origin","facebook-launch","youtube-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"myspace","companyIds":["myspace"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"palantir-founded","date":"2003","category":"labs","title":"Palantir is founded","organization":"Palantir","people":["Alex Karp","Peter Thiel","Palantir founding team"],"summary":"Palantir is founded to build software for complex data analysis.","significance":"Its later AI products build on a long history of government and enterprise data infrastructure.","sources":[{"label":"palantir.com","url":"https://www.palantir.com/about/"}],"precision":"year","related":["palantir-aip"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"palantir"},{"id":"friendster-origin","date":"2003-03","category":"tools","title":"Friendster opens its social-network beta","organization":"Friendster","people":["Jonathan Abrams"],"summary":"Jonathan Abrams opens Friendster’s beta, connecting people through profiles and mutual friends.","significance":"Visible social graphs become a recognizable consumer product before Facebook’s rise.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/10.09.03/friendster-0341.html"},{"label":"Historical context and launch distinction","url":"https://www.trustandsafetyfoundation.org/blog/blog/friendster-battles-fakesters-2003"}],"precision":"month","related":["myspace-origin","linkedin-origin","facebook-launch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"friendster","companyIds":["friendster"],"format":"Public beta","status":"released"},{"id":"human-genome","date":"2003-04-14","category":"research","title":"The Human Genome Project announces completion","organization":"International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium","people":["Francis Collins","John Sulston","Robert Waterston","Eric Lander","International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium"],"summary":"The international consortium announces completion of the Human Genome Project’s goals, producing a reference covering about 99% of gene-containing regions. Some gaps remain.","significance":"A shared reference and openly released sequence data give biology a common information foundation. Genome editing and computational biology develop alongside it.","sources":[{"label":"NHGRI · completion announcement","url":"https://www.genome.gov/11006929/2003-release-international-consortium-completes-hgp"}],"precision":"day","related":["crispr-cas9","mrna-eua","casgevy-fda","alphafold"],"milestone":false,"thread":"biology","status":"recorded"},{"id":"linkedin-origin","date":"2003-05-05","category":"tools","title":"LinkedIn launches professional networking","organization":"LinkedIn","people":["Reid Hoffman","Allen Blue","Konstantin Guericke","Eric Ly","Jean-Luc Vaillant"],"summary":"LinkedIn launches a professional network after work began in Reid Hoffman’s living room in 2002.","significance":"Online identity and social connections become infrastructure for hiring, careers and business relationships.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://careers.linkedin.com/WhyLinkedIn"},{"label":"Official historical fact sheet","url":"https://press.linkedin.com/content/dam/press/images/news-releases/acquisition/linkedin-fact-sheet.pdf"}],"precision":"day","related":["friendster-origin","facebook-launch","handshake-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"linkedin","companyIds":["linkedin"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"khosla-founded","date":"2004","category":"labs","title":"Khosla Ventures is founded","organization":"Khosla Ventures","people":["Vinod Khosla"],"summary":"A venture firm backing early technology companies across AI, computing, energy and other fields.","significance":"Venture capital is part of the ecosystem that helps new technologies scale. The firm’s origins precede the later AI investments linked in its profile.","sources":[{"label":"Founder on the firm’s 2004 origins","url":"https://www.khoslaventures.com/posts/the-new-york-times-maintain-the-silicon-valley-vision"},{"label":"Vinod Khosla · history and investments","url":"https://www.khoslaventures.com/team/vinod-khosla"}],"precision":"year","related":["openai","anthropic"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"khosla","format":"Investor origins","status":"founded"},{"id":"facebook-launch","date":"2004-02-04","category":"tools","title":"TheFacebook launches at Harvard","organization":"Facebook","people":["Mark Zuckerberg","Eduardo Saverin","Dustin Moskovitz","Chris Hughes","Andrew McCollum"],"summary":"TheFacebook launches for Harvard students before expanding to more campuses and eventually the public.","significance":"A campus directory becomes a major social-network platform; its later AI organization is another chapter.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://www.meta.com/about/company-info/"}],"precision":"day","related":["friendster-origin","myspace-origin","instagram-origin","facebook-privacy"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta","companyIds":["meta"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released","icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/facebook.png","alt":"facebook logo"}},{"id":"reddit-origin","date":"2005","category":"tools","title":"Reddit begins in Y Combinator’s first class","organization":"Reddit","people":["Steve Huffman","Alexis Ohanian"],"summary":"Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian start Reddit in 2005, with backing from Y Combinator’s first cohort.","significance":"Community submissions and voting create a different form of online discovery from personal social profiles.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://redditinc.com/press"},{"label":"Founder account","url":"https://alexis.posthaven.com/pages/about"}],"precision":"year","related":["yc-founded","myspace-origin","discord-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"reddit","companyIds":["reddit"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"yc-founded","date":"2005","category":"labs","title":"Y Combinator is founded","organization":"Y Combinator","people":["Paul Graham","Jessica Livingston","Robert Morris","Trevor Blackwell"],"summary":"Y Combinator begins operating in 2005.","significance":"The archive includes the investment organizations behind AI companies; this founding predates many of their AI investments.","sources":[{"label":"ycombinator.com","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/jessica-livingston-shares-9-things-she-learned-from-founding-yc"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"yc","format":"Investor origins"},{"id":"foundersfund-founded","date":"2005","category":"labs","title":"Founders Fund is founded","organization":"Founders Fund","people":["Peter Thiel","Ken Howery","Luke Nosek"],"summary":"Founders Fund begins operating in 2005.","significance":"The archive includes the investment organizations behind AI companies; this founding predates many of their AI investments.","sources":[{"label":"founded.org","url":"https://www.founded.org/companies/founders-fund/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"foundersfund","format":"Investor origins"},{"id":"git-first-commit","date":"2005-04-07","category":"tools","title":"Git records its first commit","organization":"Git","people":["Linus Torvalds"],"summary":"Linus Torvalds records the first Git commit while building a distributed version-control system for Linux development. This marks the project’s beginning, not a 1.0 release.","significance":"Distributed code history and branching support collaboration across open-source software, including the libraries and tools used throughout AI.","sources":[{"label":"Creator interview and first-commit anniversary","url":"https://github.blog/open-source/git/git-turns-20-a-qa-with-linus-torvalds/"},{"label":"Official project history","url":"https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git"}],"precision":"day","related":["linux-announcement","pytorch","hf-transformers"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"git","companyIds":["git"],"format":"Open-source milestone","status":"released"},{"id":"youtube-origin","date":"2005-04-23","category":"tools","title":"YouTube’s first video goes online","organization":"YouTube","people":["Chad Hurley","Steve Chen","Jawed Karim"],"summary":"Jawed Karim uploads Me at the zoo, the first YouTube video, filmed at the San Diego Zoo.","significance":"User-uploaded video becomes a major branch of the social web and later the creator economy.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://blog.google/feed/youtube-20-birthday-latest-features/"},{"label":"Founder names · investor account","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sequoia_youtube-started-as-a-dating-site-even-after-activity-7270483387570622464-Z4vq"}],"precision":"day","related":["myspace-origin","instagram-origin","tiktok-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"youtube","companyIds":["youtube"],"format":"First upload","status":"released"},{"id":"deepbelief","date":"2006","category":"research","title":"Deep belief networks","organization":"University of Toronto","people":["Geoffrey Hinton","Simon Osindero","Yee-Whye Teh"],"summary":"A fast learning algorithm trains deep belief networks layer by layer.","significance":"One important step in the renewed interest in deep learning.","sources":[{"label":"doi.org","url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"hubspot-origin","date":"2006","category":"tools","title":"HubSpot is founded around inbound marketing","organization":"HubSpot","people":["Brian Halligan","Dharmesh Shah"],"summary":"Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah found HubSpot to help businesses attract customers through inbound marketing.","significance":"Business software moves toward integrated, internet-delivered marketing, sales and customer workflows.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.hubspot.com/our-story"}],"precision":"year","related":["salesforce-origin","databricks-founded","claudeforce"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"hubspot","companyIds":["hubspot"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"aws-s3","date":"2006-03-14","category":"tools","title":"Amazon S3 launches cloud object storage","organization":"Amazon Web Services","people":["Jeff Bezos","Andy Jassy","AWS engineering team"],"summary":"AWS launches Amazon S3, offering developers scalable storage through a web-service interface.","significance":"Developers can rent infrastructure rather than build every layer themselves, enabling later cloud applications and AI services.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://press.aboutamazon.com/2006/3/amazon-web-services-launches"}],"precision":"day","related":["amazon-origin","docker-public","snowflake-origin","databricks-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"amazon","companyIds":["amazon"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"twitter-origin","date":"2006-03-21","category":"tools","title":"Jack Dorsey posts the first tweet","organization":"Twitter / X","people":["Jack Dorsey","Biz Stone","Evan Williams","Noah Glass"],"summary":"Jack Dorsey posts the first message on the service then called twttr, while the project is developing inside Odeo.","significance":"Short, public posts create a real-time network for conversation, news and public figures.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://blog.x.com/en_gb/a/en-gb/2014/discovering-your-firsttweet"}],"precision":"day","related":["facebook-launch","youtube-origin","grok4"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"twitter","companyIds":["twitter"],"format":"First message","status":"released"},{"id":"facebook-news-feed","date":"2006-09-05","category":"tools","title":"Facebook launches News Feed","organization":"Facebook","people":["Ruchi Sanghvi","Facebook product team"],"summary":"Facebook introduces News Feed, bringing updates from friends onto a shared home-page stream.","significance":"Social networking shifts from visiting individual profiles toward following a continuously updated feed. Later ranking systems develop beyond this initial release.","sources":[{"label":"Milestone source","url":"https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/02/happy-birthday-facebook-these-are-the-10-most-important-moments-in-your-not-so-great-relationship-with-the-news-industry/"},{"label":"Facebook retrospective on the 2006 launch","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2016/06/building-a-better-news-feed-for-you/"}],"precision":"day","related":["facebook-launch","twitter-origin","tiktok-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta","companyIds":["meta"],"format":"Platform milestone","status":"released","icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/facebook.png","alt":"facebook logo"}},{"id":"cuda","date":"2007","category":"tools","title":"CUDA opens GPU computing","organization":"NVIDIA","people":["NVIDIA CUDA team"],"summary":"NVIDIA makes general-purpose GPU programming available through CUDA.","significance":"A software ecosystem helps researchers apply graphics processors to machine learning.","sources":[{"label":"developer.nvidia.com","url":"https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"nvidia"},{"id":"iphone-original","date":"2007-01-09","category":"tools","title":"Apple introduces the first iPhone","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Jobs"],"summary":"Apple unveils iPhone, combining a phone, an iPod and internet communication in one device with a multi-touch interface.","significance":"Touch-first mobile computing becomes a central platform for software and internet services. The January introduction precedes the June retail launch.","sources":[{"label":"apple.com","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/01/09Apple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone/"}],"precision":"day","related":["ipod-original","app-store","android-g1","iphone-x","iphone-duo"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"macbook-air-original","date":"2008-01-15","category":"tools","title":"MacBook Air rethinks the notebook","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Jobs"],"summary":"Apple unveils the first MacBook Air, a thin, lightweight notebook that trades some built-in ports and drives for portability.","significance":"The ultraportable notebook becomes a defining direction for mainstream laptop design.","sources":[{"label":"apple.com","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/01/15Apple-Introduces-MacBook-Air-The-Worlds-Thinnest-Notebook/"}],"precision":"day","related":["imac-g3","mac-m1"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"github-launch","date":"2008-04-10","category":"tools","title":"GitHub launches","organization":"GitHub","people":["Tom Preston-Werner","Chris Wanstrath","PJ Hyett","Scott Chacon"],"summary":"GitHub officially opens after its beta, giving developers a shared place to collaborate on code with Git.","significance":"Shared repositories and contributions help open-source software spread. The platform later becomes a distribution point for AI projects and coding assistants.","sources":[{"label":"Company announcement","url":"https://github.blog/news-insights/we-launched/"}],"precision":"day","related":["github-microsoft"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"github","companyIds":["github"],"thread":"open","format":"Platform launch","status":"recorded"},{"id":"app-store","date":"2008-07-10","category":"tools","title":"The App Store opens","organization":"Apple","people":["Steve Jobs","Apple App Store team"],"summary":"Apple opens the App Store with 500 apps, giving iPhone users a central place to find and install third-party software.","significance":"Mobile devices become extensible software platforms, connecting independent developers with a global consumer audience.","sources":[{"label":"apple.com","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/07/app-store-turns-10/"}],"precision":"day","related":["iphone-original","android-g1","ipad-original","chatgpt"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"released","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"falcon1-orbit","date":"2008-09-28","category":"impact","title":"Falcon 1 reaches orbit","organization":"SpaceX","people":["Elon Musk","SpaceX engineering team"],"summary":"On its fourth flight, Falcon 1 reaches Earth orbit from Omelek Island.","significance":"A small privately developed launcher establishes the orbital foundation for SpaceX’s later rockets and satellite networks.","sources":[{"label":"nasa.gov","url":"https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/sp4034.pdf"}],"precision":"day","related":["falcon9-first-landing","falcon9-reflight","starlink-first-batch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"spacex","companyIds":["spacex"],"format":"Launch 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Toutiao follows as an early mobile content product.","significance":"Personalized discovery and recommendation become a company-building foundation, later extending to short video.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}],"precision":"year","related":["douyin-launch","tiktok-origin","bytedance-journalists"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"bytedance","companyIds":["bytedance"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"snowflake-origin","date":"2012","category":"tools","title":"Snowflake begins cloud-native data warehousing","organization":"Snowflake","people":["Benoit Dageville","Thierry Cruanes","Marcin Zukowski"],"summary":"Snowflake is founded to build a data warehouse for cloud infrastructure, separating storage and compute.","significance":"Cloud data platforms change how organizations store and analyze information, forming part of the infrastructure later AI applications use.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.snowflake.com/en/blog/data-platform-ai-era/"},{"label":"Founders and early investor history","url":"https://www.axios.com/2020/09/16/snowflake-investors-ipo"}],"precision":"year","related":["oracle-origin","aws-s3","databricks-founded","snowflake-ipo"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"snowflake","companyIds":["snowflake"],"format":"Company origins","status":"released"},{"id":"instagram-acquisition","date":"2012-04-09","category":"tools","title":"Facebook announces its Instagram acquisition agreement","organization":"Instagram","people":["Mark Zuckerberg","Kevin Systrom","Mike Krieger"],"summary":"Facebook announces an agreement to acquire Instagram for approximately $1 billion in cash and shares, subject to closing conditions.","significance":"A major social-network company moves into smartphone photo sharing. The agreement date is distinct from the transaction’s later closing.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2012/04/facebook-to-acquire-instagram/"}],"precision":"day","related":["instagram-origin","facebook-launch","whatsapp-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"instagram","companyIds":["instagram","meta"],"format":"Acquisition agreement","status":"announced"},{"id":"crispr-cas9","date":"2012-06-28","category":"research","title":"CRISPR-Cas9 becomes programmable","organization":"UC Berkeley / Umeå University / collaborators","people":["Martin Jinek","Krzysztof Chylinski","Ines Fonfara","Michael Hauer","Jennifer Doudna","Emmanuelle Charpentier"],"summary":"A research paper shows how RNA can guide Cas9 to cut a chosen DNA sequence in a laboratory system.","significance":"Programmable DNA cutting creates a foundation for genome editing. Later clinical therapies require additional research, delivery methods and regulatory review.","sources":[{"label":"Science · original CRISPR-Cas9 paper","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829"}],"precision":"day","related":["human-genome","casgevy-fda","alphafold3"],"milestone":false,"thread":"biology","format":"Research paper","status":"recorded"},{"id":"word2vec","date":"2013","category":"research","title":"Words become vectors","organization":"Google","people":["Tomas Mikolov","Kai Chen","Greg Corrado","Jeffrey Dean"],"summary":"Efficient methods learn useful word representations from large text collections.","significance":"Relationships between words can be explored in a learned vector space.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google-parent"},{"id":"dqn","date":"2013","category":"research","title":"Learning Atari from pixels","organization":"DeepMind","people":["Volodymyr Mnih","Koray Kavukcuoglu","David Silver","Alex Graves","Ioannis Antonoglou","Daan Wierstra","Martin Riedmiller"],"summary":"Deep reinforcement learning combines a neural network with Q-learning on Atari games.","significance":"A shared learning approach works across multiple games.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5602"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"notion-founded","date":"2013","category":"labs","title":"Notion begins","organization":"Notion","people":["Ivan Zhao","Simon Last"],"summary":"Notion begins a long effort to build a flexible workspace, later becoming a platform for AI writing and agents.","significance":"Company origins precede Notion AI by a decade.","sources":[{"label":"notion.com","url":"https://www.notion.com/blog/100-million-of-you"}],"precision":"year","related":["notion-ai","notion3"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"notion"},{"id":"databricks-founded","date":"2013","category":"labs","title":"Databricks is founded","organization":"Databricks","people":["Ali Ghodsi","Matei Zaharia","Ion Stoica","Patrick Wendell","Reynold Xin","Andy Konwinski","Arsalan Tavakoli"],"summary":"Researchers behind Apache Spark found Databricks to build a commercial data platform.","significance":"A key bridge from open-source data systems to enterprise AI infrastructure.","sources":[{"label":"databricks.com","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/about-us"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"databricks"},{"id":"docker-public","date":"2013-03-15","category":"tools","title":"Docker makes its public debut at PyCon","organization":"Docker Engine","people":["Solomon Hykes"],"summary":"Solomon Hykes demonstrates Docker in a PyCon lightning talk, showing a simpler way to build and run applications in Linux containers.","significance":"Portable application packaging helps teams reproduce environments and deploy software, including later AI services. 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The upper stage remains expendable, and booster reflight comes later.","sources":[{"label":"NASA Kennedy Space Center timeline: December 21, 2015","url":"https://netspublic.grc.nasa.gov/main/KSC%202020%20Vision%20Plan%20and%20Draft%20EA.pdf"},{"label":"NASA: Falcon 9 first-stage landing","url":"https://science.nasa.gov/image-article/apod-2015-december-28-falcon-9-first-stage-landing/"}],"precision":"day","related":["falcon1-orbit","falcon9-reflight","starship-first-catch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"spacex","companyIds":["spacex"],"format":"Launch and landing milestone"},{"id":"scale-founded","date":"2016","category":"labs","title":"Scale AI is founded","organization":"Scale AI","people":["Alexandr Wang","Lucy Guo"],"summary":"Scale starts as an API for human tasks and joins Y Combinator’s Summer 2016 batch.","significance":"Human data operations become important infrastructure for training and evaluating AI.","sources":[{"label":"ycombinator.com","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/scale/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"scale","companyIds":["scale","yc"]},{"id":"alphago","date":"2016-03","category":"impact","title":"AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol","organization":"DeepMind","people":["David Silver","Demis Hassabis","Lee Sedol","AlphaGo team"],"summary":"AlphaGo wins its five-game Go match against Lee Sedol, four games to one.","significance":"A landmark combines neural networks, search, and reinforcement learning.","sources":[{"label":"deepmind.google","url":"https://deepmind.google/research/breakthroughs/alphago/"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"concrete-ai-safety","date":"2016-06-21","category":"research","title":"Concrete Problems in AI Safety","organization":"Google Brain / OpenAI / academic collaborators","people":["Dario Amodei","Chris Olah","Jacob Steinhardt","Paul Christiano","John Schulman","Dan Mané"],"summary":"A co-authored research paper organizes practical accident risks around objectives, supervision, exploration, and changing environments.","significance":"Helps turn AI safety concerns into specific machine-learning research problems.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06565"}],"precision":"day","related":["rlhf","ai-safety-debate","anthropic"],"companyId":"google-parent","companyIds":["google-parent","openai"],"milestone":false,"format":"Research paper"},{"id":"douyin-launch","date":"2016-09","category":"tools","title":"ByteDance launches Douyin in China","organization":"ByteDance","people":["ByteDance team"],"summary":"ByteDance launches Douyin, a short-video product for China. TikTok’s international launch follows separately.","significance":"Mobile video and personalized discovery converge into a highly influential consumer format.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}],"precision":"month","related":["bytedance-origin","tiktok-origin","tiktok-musically"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"bytedance","companyIds":["bytedance"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"waymo-founded","date":"2016-12-13","category":"labs","title":"Waymo becomes an Alphabet business","organization":"Waymo","people":["John Krafcik","Waymo team"],"summary":"Google’s self-driving project becomes Waymo, a standalone business within Alphabet.","significance":"Separates project origins from the corporate 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mobile short-video feed makes recommendation-driven discovery a central social interface.","sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}],"precision":"year","related":["bytedance-origin","douyin-launch","tiktok-musically","bytedance-journalists"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"tiktok","companyIds":["tiktok"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"wayve-founded","date":"2017","category":"impact","title":"Wayve is founded in the UK","organization":"Wayve","people":["Alex Kendall","Amar Shah"],"summary":"Wayve begins developing learning-based autonomous driving in the UK, building on Cambridge machine-learning research.","significance":"An end-to-end learning approach connects computer vision and driving experience to vehicle behavior, alongside other paths to autonomy.","sources":[{"label":"Wayve: founding year and embodied-AI approach","url":"https://wayve.ai/press/series-c/"},{"label":"Cambridge: Amar Shah, Wayve 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Nat Friedman becomes GitHub CEO.","significance":"A major developer platform joins Microsoft ahead of the rise of AI coding tools. Microsoft’s financial filing dates the acquisition to October 25; this card uses the October 26 public announcement.","sources":[{"label":"Company announcement","url":"https://github.blog/news-insights/company-news/github-and-microsoft/"},{"label":"Microsoft financial filing · acquisition date","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459019001392/msft-10q_20181231.htm"}],"precision":"day","related":["github-launch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"github","companyIds":["github","microsoft"],"thread":"software","format":"Acquisition announcement","status":"recorded"},{"id":"stylegan","date":"2018-12","category":"models","title":"StyleGAN and controllable faces","organization":"NVIDIA","people":["Tero Karras","Samuli Laine","Timo Aila"],"summary":"A style-based generator makes aspects of image synthesis more controllable.","significance":"Synthetic faces become a vivid demonstration of generative-model progress.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.04948"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"nvidia"},{"id":"cohere-founded","date":"2019","category":"labs","title":"Cohere is founded","organization":"Cohere","people":["Aidan Gomez","Nick Frosst","Ivan Zhang"],"summary":"Three founders start a company focused on language AI, later concentrating on enterprise models and applications.","significance":"A branch of the Transformer and Google Brain research community becomes an independent company.","sources":[{"label":"radical.vc","url":"https://radical.vc/portfolio/cohere/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"cohere"},{"id":"ramp-founded","date":"2019","category":"labs","title":"Ramp is founded","organization":"Ramp","people":["Eric Glyman","Karim Atiyeh","Gene Lee"],"summary":"Ramp starts building financial operations software for businesses.","significance":"An enterprise software company that later brings agents into finance workflows.","sources":[{"label":"sequoiacap.com","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/companies/ramp"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ramp"},{"id":"linear-founded","date":"2019","category":"labs","title":"Linear is founded","organization":"Linear","people":["Karri Saarinen","Jori Lallo","Tuomas Artman"],"summary":"Three founders start Linear to improve how teams plan and build software.","significance":"The product-development workflow later expands to collaboration between human teams and AI agents.","sources":[{"label":"linear.app","url":"https://linear.app/about"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"linear"},{"id":"gpt2","date":"2019-02-14","category":"models","title":"GPT-2 and staged release","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Alec Radford","Jeffrey Wu","Rewon Child","David Luan","Dario Amodei","Ilya Sutskever"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces GPT-2 and initially limits release of its largest model.","significance":"Model capability and release policy become a shared public debate.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/better-language-models/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"mercury-launch","date":"2019-04","category":"tools","title":"Mercury launches publicly","organization":"Mercury","people":["Immad Akhund","Jason Zhang","Max Tagher"],"summary":"Mercury launches its financial platform for startups and businesses.","significance":"The company’s September financing post dates public launch to April 2019; its founding year is 2017. Mercury’s fintech platform is distinct from a licensed bank.","sources":[{"label":"mercury.com","url":"https://mercury.com/blog/series-a"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"mercury"},{"id":"starlink-first-batch","date":"2019-05-23","category":"impact","title":"Starlink’s first 60-satellite batch launches","organization":"Starlink / SpaceX","people":["SpaceX Starlink team"],"summary":"SpaceX launches a 60-satellite Starlink batch from Cape Canaveral, an early mass deployment for its low-Earth-orbit broadband network.","significance":"Connects launch capacity, satellite manufacturing and internet access. The date follows the Florida launch-site date, May 23; liftoff was May 24 in UTC. 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The Facebook order and the Cambridge Analytica case are related but separate proceedings.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/facebook-agrees-pay-5-billion-and-implement-robust-new-protections-user-information"}],"precision":"day","related":["facebook-launch","bytedance-journalists"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta","companyIds":["meta"],"format":"Privacy settlement","status":"announced","icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/facebook.png","alt":"facebook logo"}},{"id":"hf-transformers","date":"2019-10-09","category":"tools","title":"Hugging Face Transformers paper","organization":"Hugging Face","people":["Thomas Wolf","Lysandre Debut","Victor Sanh","Julien Chaumond","Clément Delangue","Transformers contributors"],"summary":"A paper describes the open-source Transformers library and its shared implementations of pretrained language models.","significance":"A common software layer helps developers reproduce, share, and use models across research groups.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03771"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-source software / paper","companyId":"huggingface"},{"id":"scaling-laws","date":"2020-01","category":"research","title":"Language models follow scaling laws","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Jared Kaplan","Sam McCandlish","Tom Henighan","Tom Brown","Benjamin Chess","Rewon Child","Scott Gray","Alec Radford","Jeffrey Wu","Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Researchers study predictable relationships among loss, model size, data, and compute.","significance":"Scaling becomes a practical lens for planning large-model training.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"gpt3","date":"2020-05","category":"models","title":"GPT-3: learning from a few examples","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Tom Brown","Benjamin Mann","Nick Ryder","Melanie Subbiah","Jared Kaplan","Prafulla Dhariwal","Alec Radford","Ilya Sutskever","Dario Amodei"],"summary":"A large autoregressive model demonstrates few-shot performance across many tasks.","significance":"Prompting becomes a useful interface for general-purpose language models.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"rag","date":"2020-05","category":"research","title":"Retrieval-augmented generation","organization":"Facebook AI / collaborators","people":["Patrick Lewis","Ethan Perez","Aleksandra Piktus","Fabio Petroni","Vladimir Karpukhin","Naman Goyal","Heinrich Küttler","Mike Lewis","Wen-tau Yih","Tim Rocktäschel","Sebastian Riedel","Douwe Kiela"],"summary":"A language-generation system combines parametric memory with retrieved documents.","significance":"Retrieval becomes a practical way to ground model output in external information.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11401"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta"},{"id":"supabase-alpha","date":"2020-05-27","category":"tools","title":"Supabase’s alpha breaks out","organization":"Supabase","people":["Paul Copplestone","Ant Wilson"],"summary":"An unplanned Hacker News post brings Supabase’s open-source Postgres backend to a wider developer audience.","significance":"The company’s July 10 postmortem dates the breakout to May 27; 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Offering price, trading price and company operating revenue are different measures.","sources":[{"label":"Trading debut reporting","url":"https://www.axios.com/2020/09/16/snowflake-ipo"},{"label":"Company IPO pricing and scheduled first trading date","url":"https://www.snowflake.com/en/news/press-releases/snowflake-announces-pricing-of-initial-public-offering/"}],"precision":"day","related":["snowflake-origin","databricks-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"snowflake","companyIds":["snowflake"],"format":"IPO","status":"released"},{"id":"vit","date":"2020-10","category":"research","title":"An image is worth 16 × 16 words","organization":"Google","people":["Alexey Dosovitskiy","Lucas Beyer","Alexander Kolesnikov","Google Research team"],"summary":"A Transformer processes images as sequences of patches.","significance":"The architecture expands from language into mainstream computer vision.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google-parent"},{"id":"waymo-driverless-public","date":"2020-10-08","category":"tools","title":"Waymo opens public driverless rides","organization":"Waymo","people":["John Krafcik","Waymo team"],"summary":"Waymo opens its fully driverless Phoenix service to the public, beginning with existing Waymo One riders.","significance":"Rider-only service is distinct from the earlier service with trained vehicle operators.","sources":[{"label":"waymo.com","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-in-phoenix/"}],"precision":"day","related":["waymo-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"waymo"},{"id":"mac-m1","date":"2020-11-10","category":"tools","title":"The first M1 Macs are announced","organization":"Apple","people":["Tim Cook","Johny Srouji"],"summary":"Apple introduces M1-powered MacBook Air, 13-inch MacBook Pro and Mac mini, beginning the Mac’s transition from Intel to Apple silicon.","significance":"Custom system-on-chip design brings CPU, GPU, unified memory and machine-learning acceleration together in the Mac platform.","sources":[{"label":"Apple: first M1 Mac lineup","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/introducing-the-next-generation-of-mac/"},{"label":"Apple: M1 architecture and Johny Srouji","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/apple-unleashes-m1/"}],"precision":"day","related":["macbook-air-original","cuda","apple-intelligence","mac-mini-openclaw-shortage"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"alphafold","date":"2020-11-30","category":"impact","title":"AlphaFold’s protein-folding milestone","organization":"DeepMind","people":["John Jumper","Demis Hassabis","AlphaFold team"],"summary":"AlphaFold achieves a breakthrough result at the CASP14 protein-structure assessment.","significance":"AI demonstrates a major contribution to scientific research.","sources":[{"label":"deepmind.google","url":"https://deepmind.google/blog/alphafold-a-solution-to-a-50-year-old-grand-challenge-in-biology/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"mrna-eua","date":"2020-12-11","category":"impact","title":"An mRNA COVID-19 vaccine receives U.S. emergency authorization","organization":"FDA / Pfizer / BioNTech","people":["Katalin Karikó","Drew Weissman","Uğur Şahin","Özlem Türeci","Pfizer and BioNTech development teams"],"summary":"The FDA grants emergency use authorization to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for people aged 16 and older. This is emergency authorization, preceding full FDA approval.","significance":"Decades of RNA and delivery research become a large-scale medical deployment. Biotechnology joins computing as a technology platform that can be adapted to new problems.","sources":[{"label":"FDA · original authorization notice (archived)","url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/cpt/fda/20201211_FDA_PressRelease.pdf"}],"precision":"day","related":["human-genome","crispr-cas9","casgevy-fda"],"milestone":false,"thread":"biology","status":"recorded"},{"id":"helsing-founded","date":"2021","category":"labs","title":"Helsing is founded","organization":"Helsing","people":["Gundbert Scherf","Torsten Reil","Niklas Köhler"],"summary":"AI software and autonomous systems for defense.","significance":"Defense autonomy becomes part of the broader physical AI industry.","sources":[{"label":"helsing.ai","url":"https://helsing.ai/company"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"helsing"},{"id":"exa-founded","date":"2021","category":"labs","title":"Exa begins as Metaphor","organization":"Exa","people":["Will Bryk","Jeff Wang"],"summary":"Exa starts building a search engine for AI, initially under the name Metaphor.","significance":"Search and retrieval become core infrastructure for agents.","sources":[{"label":"exa.ai","url":"https://exa.ai/blog/announcing-series-b"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"exa","companyIds":["exa"]},{"id":"fal-founded","date":"2021","category":"labs","title":"fal is founded","organization":"fal","people":["Burkay Gur","Gorkem Yurtseven"],"summary":"Gur and Yurtseven found fal to build infrastructure for AI applications.","significance":"Its inference platform later becomes a distribution layer for generative-media models.","sources":[{"label":"fal.ai","url":"https://fal.ai/about"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"fal"},{"id":"antifund-founded","date":"2021","category":"labs","title":"Anti Fund is founded","organization":"Anti Fund","people":["Jake Paul","Geoffrey Woo"],"summary":"Jake Paul and Geoffrey Woo establish Anti Fund, an investment firm whose later portfolio includes AI, autonomous systems and computing infrastructure.","significance":"The capital thread connects to AI through the fund’s disclosed investments in OpenAI, Anduril, Cognition and Etched. This founding milestone does not date those later investments.","sources":[{"label":"Firm founding year","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/anti-fund"},{"label":"Official team and selected investments","url":"https://www.antifund.com/"}],"precision":"year","related":["openai","anduril-founded","devin","etched-jane-street"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"antifund"},{"id":"clip","date":"2021-01-05","category":"models","title":"CLIP connects images and language","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Alec Radford","Jong Wook Kim","Chris Hallacy","Aditya Ramesh","Gabriel Goh","CLIP team"],"summary":"Contrastive training connects visual concepts with natural-language descriptions.","significance":"A useful bridge between language and vision.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/clip/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"dalle","date":"2021-01-05","category":"models","title":"DALL·E imagines from 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This is the agreement announcement, not the closing date or a venture funding round.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-signs-definitive-agreement-acquire-mosaicml-leading-generative-ai-platform"}],"precision":"day","related":["databricks-founded","snowflake-origin","transformer"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"databricks","companyIds":["databricks"],"format":"Acquisition agreement","status":"announced"},{"id":"llama2","date":"2023-07-18","category":"models","title":"Llama 2","organization":"Meta / Microsoft","people":["Meta Llama team"],"summary":"Meta releases Llama 2 with a license allowing many commercial uses.","significance":"Downloadable language models reach more developers and businesses.","sources":[{"label":"about.fb.com","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2023/07/llama-2/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"meta","companyIds":["meta","microsoft"],"milestone":false},{"id":"apptronik-apollo","date":"2023-08-23","category":"tools","title":"Apptronik unveils Apollo","organization":"Apptronik","people":["Jeff Cardenas","Nick Paine","Luis Sentis"],"summary":"A humanoid platform initially aimed at manufacturing and logistics.","significance":"A milestone in physical AI; a demonstration or unveiling is distinct from widespread commercial deployment.","sources":[{"label":"apptronik.com","url":"https://apptronik.com/news-collection/apptronik-unveils-apollo"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"apptronik"},{"id":"qwen","date":"2023-09","category":"models","title":"The Qwen technical report","organization":"Alibaba","people":["Jinze Bai","Shuai Bai","Yunfei Chu","Qwen team"],"summary":"Alibaba researchers describe the Qwen language-model family.","significance":"A major Chinese model family develops an international developer ecosystem.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.16609"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"alibaba"},{"id":"autogen","date":"2023-09-25","category":"tools","title":"Microsoft introduces AutoGen","organization":"Microsoft","people":["Chi Wang","Qingyun Wu","AutoGen contributors"],"summary":"Microsoft introduces an open-source framework for applications built around conversations between agents, tools, and people.","significance":"Multi-agent orchestration becomes a reusable software framework.","sources":[{"label":"microsoft.com","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/autogen-enabling-next-generation-large-language-model-applications/"}],"precision":"day","related":["smolagents","goose","mcp"],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-source agent framework","companyId":"microsoft"},{"id":"mistral7b","date":"2023-09-27","category":"models","title":"Mistral 7B","organization":"Mistral AI","people":["Arthur Mensch","Guillaume Lample","Timothée Lacroix","Mistral team"],"summary":"Mistral releases its first seven-billion-parameter language model.","significance":"A new European lab contributes a compact, downloadable model.","sources":[{"label":"mistral.ai","url":"https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"mistral"},{"id":"ollama-docker","date":"2023-10-05","category":"tools","title":"Ollama gets an official Docker image","organization":"Ollama","people":["Ollama team"],"summary":"Ollama publishes an official Docker image for running models in containers.","significance":"A small infrastructure release makes local AI easier to package.","sources":[{"label":"ollama.com","url":"https://ollama.com/blog/ollama-is-now-available-as-an-official-docker-image"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ollama"},{"id":"biden-ai-order","date":"2023-10-30","category":"impact","title":"Biden signs a broad AI executive order","organization":"US government","people":["Joe Biden","US federal agencies"],"summary":"President Biden signs Executive Order 14110, directing a government-wide approach to AI safety, security and use.","significance":"A major federal AI-policy milestone. This historical order was subsequently rescinded on January 20, 2025.","sources":[{"label":"Original executive order","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/DCPD-202300949"},{"label":"NIST status and rescission date","url":"https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence/executive-order-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Government action"},{"id":"grok","date":"2023-11","category":"models","title":"Grok’s first announcement","organization":"xAI","people":["Elon Musk","xAI research team"],"summary":"xAI announces its first Grok assistant model and an early-access program.","significance":"A new lab joins the public assistant landscape.","sources":[{"label":"x.ai","url":"https://x.ai/news/grok"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"xai"},{"id":"bletchley-declaration","date":"2023-11-01","category":"impact","title":"Countries adopt the Bletchley Declaration","organization":"UK government / international summit","people":["Rishi Sunak","Michelle Donelan","Participating governments"],"summary":"Governments at the UK AI Safety Summit agree on the Bletchley Declaration, recognizing frontier-AI opportunities, risks and the need for international cooperation.","significance":"A declaration of shared intent, rather than a binding global AI law.","sources":[{"label":"gov.uk","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration"}],"precision":"day","related":["eu-ai-act","biden-ai-order"],"milestone":false,"format":"International declaration"},{"id":"altman-ousted","date":"2023-11-17","category":"impact","title":"OpenAI’s board removes Sam Altman","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Sam Altman","Mira Murati","OpenAI board"],"summary":"OpenAI’s board removes Sam Altman as CEO and from the board, naming Mira Murati interim CEO.","significance":"A major governance crisis at the company behind ChatGPT. The board’s stated rationale is its account, not an independent finding.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/blog/openai-announces-leadership-transition/"}],"precision":"day","related":["altman-returns","openai","thinking-machines"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai"]},{"id":"altman-returns","date":"2023-11-29","category":"impact","title":"Sam Altman’s return as CEO is formalized","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Sam Altman","Mira Murati","Greg Brockman","Bret Taylor","Larry Summers","Adam D’Angelo"],"summary":"OpenAI formally confirms Altman’s return as CEO, Brockman’s return as president, and a new initial board chaired by Bret Taylor.","significance":"The formal November 29 update follows the earlier agreement to bring Altman back. CEO reinstatement is distinct from his later return to the board.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/sam-altman-returns-as-ceo-openai-has-a-new-initial-board/"}],"precision":"day","related":["altman-ousted","openai"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai"]},{"id":"mamba","date":"2023-12-01","category":"research","title":"Mamba: selective state-space models","organization":"Academic research collaboration","people":["Albert Gu","Tri Dao"],"summary":"Selective state-space models process sequences with an architecture that does not use Transformer attention.","significance":"A prominent alternative explores efficient long-sequence modeling and linear scaling in sequence length.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.00752"}],"precision":"day","related":["transformer","flashattention"],"milestone":false,"format":"Research paper"},{"id":"gemini","date":"2023-12-06","category":"models","title":"The Gemini era begins","organization":"Google DeepMind","people":["Demis Hassabis","Koray Kavukcuoglu","Google Gemini team"],"summary":"Google introduces the Gemini family, developed for multimodal tasks.","significance":"The combined Google DeepMind organization presents a new flagship model family.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/technology/ai/google-gemini-ai/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"casgevy-fda","date":"2023-12-08","category":"impact","title":"The FDA approves its first CRISPR-based treatment","organization":"FDA / Vertex Pharmaceuticals / CRISPR Therapeutics","people":["Clinical trial participants","Vertex Pharmaceuticals and CRISPR Therapeutics teams"],"summary":"The FDA approves Casgevy for sickle cell disease in patients aged 12 and older. 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Approval scope, treatment access and long-term follow-up remain part of the story.","sources":[{"label":"FDA · approval announcement","url":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-gene-therapies-treat-patients-sickle-cell-disease"}],"precision":"day","related":["human-genome","crispr-cas9","alphafold3"],"milestone":false,"thread":"biology","status":"recorded"},{"id":"mixtral","date":"2023-12-11","category":"models","title":"Mixtral of experts","organization":"Mistral AI","people":["Mistral research team"],"summary":"Mistral releases a sparse mixture-of-experts model.","significance":"Efficient model architectures reach a broader open-weight audience.","sources":[{"label":"mistral.ai","url":"https://mistral.ai/news/mixtral-of-experts/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"mistral"},{"id":"worldlabs-founded","date":"2024","category":"labs","title":"World Labs is founded","organization":"World Labs","people":["Fei-Fei Li","Justin Johnson","Christoph Lassner","Ben Mildenhall"],"summary":"A new company pursues spatial intelligence and models of three-dimensional worlds.","significance":"Computer vision and graphics research become a dedicated world-model company.","sources":[{"label":"radical.vc","url":"https://radical.vc/articles/introducing-world-labs/"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"worldlabs"},{"id":"tsmc-arizona-production","date":"2024","category":"impact","title":"TSMC Arizona starts volume production","organization":"TSMC","people":["TSMC Arizona engineering team"],"summary":"TSMC reports that its first Arizona fab began high-volume N4 production in the fourth quarter of 2024.","significance":"The source identifies a quarter; the timeline retains year precision instead of inventing an exact day. 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Accel dates the founding to late 2024; the product launch follows in October 2025.","sources":[{"label":"accel.com","url":"https://www.accel.com/news/the-device-that-remembers-so-you-don-t-have-to-our-investment-in-pocket"}],"precision":"year","related":["pocket-launch","whisper","granola"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"pocket"},{"id":"starlink-direct-cell","date":"2024-01-08","category":"tools","title":"Starlink sends its first Direct to Cell texts","organization":"Starlink / SpaceX","people":["SpaceX Starlink team","T-Mobile engineering team"],"summary":"SpaceX says Starlink sent and received its first text messages through Direct to Cell satellites using unmodified phones and T-Mobile spectrum on January 8, 2024.","significance":"Extends satellite connectivity toward ordinary mobile phones. This was a technical demonstration; it is distinct from later commercial availability and broader voice/data rollout.","sources":[{"label":"SpaceX Direct to Cell first-text update","url":"https://starlink.com/public-files/DIRECT_TO_CELL_FIRST_TEXT_UPDATE.pdf"}],"precision":"day","related":["starlink-first-batch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"starlink","companyIds":["starlink","spacex"]},{"id":"alphageometry","date":"2024-01-17","category":"research","title":"AlphaGeometry combines learning and deduction","organization":"Google DeepMind","people":["Trieu Trinh","Thang Luong","AlphaGeometry team"],"summary":"A neural language model works with a symbolic deduction engine on Olympiad geometry problems.","significance":"Combining learned suggestions and formal reasoning solves 25 of a tested set of 30 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Availability and performance claims should be read in the context of the company announcement.","sources":[{"label":"Company announcement","url":"https://investor.nvidia.com/news/press-release-details/2024/NVIDIA-Blackwell-Platform-Arrives-to-Power-a-New-Era-of-Computing/"}],"precision":"day","related":["nvidia-hopper","iren-microsoft","coreweave-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"nvidia","companyIds":["nvidia"],"thread":"compute","format":"Hardware announcement","status":"recorded"},{"id":"inflection-microsoft","date":"2024-03-19","category":"labs","title":"Inflection founders join Microsoft AI","organization":"Microsoft","people":["Mustafa Suleyman","Karén Simonyan","Satya Nadella"],"summary":"Microsoft appoints Suleyman to lead a new consumer AI organization, with Simonyan as chief scientist.","significance":"The people behind labs move between independent companies and large platforms.","sources":[{"label":"blogs.microsoft.com","url":"https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/03/19/mustafa-suleyman-deepmind-and-inflection-co-founder-joins-microsoft-to-lead-copilot/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"microsoft"},{"id":"suno3","date":"2024-03-21","category":"tools","title":"Suno v3 makes full songs","organization":"Suno","people":["Mikey Shulman","Keenan Freyberg","Suno team"],"summary":"Suno makes its v3 music-generation model available to all users.","significance":"Song generation becomes a widely accessible creative workflow.","sources":[{"label":"suno.com","url":"https://suno.com/blog/v3"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"suno"},{"id":"higgsfield-diffuse","date":"2024-04-03","category":"tools","title":"Higgsfield introduces Diffuse","organization":"Higgsfield","people":["Alex Mashrabov","Yerzat Dulat"],"summary":"Higgsfield announces its first mobile app, Diffuse, which generates personalized video from prompts and selfies. The app is already available in selected markets, with a wider rollout planned.","significance":"Generative video moves into a mobile creation workflow. This is the public announcement date, not a claim that every market launched that day.","sources":[{"label":"First app announcement · April 3, 2024","url":"https://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/article/bizwire-2024-4-3-higgsfield-ai-secures-8m-in-seed-funding-to-unlock-personalized-ai-video-creation"}],"precision":"day","related":["sora-demo","higgsfield-platform"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"higgsfield","companyIds":["higgsfield"],"format":"Product announcement","status":"announced"},{"id":"udio-launch","date":"2024-04-10","category":"tools","title":"Udio launches publicly","organization":"Udio","people":["David Ding","Andrew Sanchez","Conor Durkan","Yaroslav Ganin","Charlie Nash"],"summary":"Former DeepMind researchers launch a public AI music-creation app.","significance":"Music generation becomes an accessible consumer product and a new arena for debate about creative rights.","sources":[{"label":"prnewswire.com","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/former-google-deepmind-researchers-assemble-luminaries-across-music-and-tech-to-launch-udio-a-new-ai-powered-app-that-allows-anyone-to-create-extraordinary-music-in-an-instant-302113071.html"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"udio"},{"id":"electric-atlas","date":"2024-04-17","category":"tools","title":"Boston Dynamics unveils electric Atlas","organization":"Boston Dynamics","people":["Marc Raibert"],"summary":"An all-electric successor to the hydraulic Atlas research platform.","significance":"A milestone in physical AI; a demonstration or unveiling is distinct from widespread commercial deployment.","sources":[{"label":"bostondynamics.com","url":"https://bostondynamics.com/blog/electric-new-era-for-atlas/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"bostondynamics"},{"id":"llama3","date":"2024-04-18","category":"models","title":"Llama 3","organization":"Meta","people":["Meta Llama team"],"summary":"Meta introduces the next generation of its openly available model family.","significance":"Downloadable model capabilities continue to improve.","sources":[{"label":"ai.meta.com","url":"https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta"},{"id":"basepower-introduction","date":"2024-05-07","category":"labs","title":"Base Power enters public view","organization":"Base Power","people":["Zach Dell","Justin Lopas"],"summary":"Base’s early public introduction describes a battery-backed electricity company starting with Texas homes.","significance":"Energy storage and grid reliability sit alongside the archive’s compute and power infrastructure. This source publication is not an exact incorporation date.","sources":[{"label":"notboring.co","url":"https://www.notboring.co/p/base-power-company"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"basepower"},{"id":"alphafold3","date":"2024-05-08","category":"models","title":"AlphaFold 3 models molecular interactions","organization":"Google DeepMind / Isomorphic Labs","people":["Google DeepMind AlphaFold team","Isomorphic Labs team"],"summary":"A new model predicts structures and interactions involving proteins, DNA, RNA, and other molecular components.","significance":"The May announcement introduces a research server. The later November academic code-and-weight release is a separate access milestone.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/google-deepmind-isomorphic-alphafold-3-ai-model/"}],"precision":"day","related":["alphafold","nobel-chemistry"],"companyId":"google","companyIds":["google","isomorphic"],"milestone":false,"format":"Model announcement"},{"id":"gpt4o","date":"2024-05-13","category":"models","title":"GPT-4o: a more immediate interface","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces a model designed to work across text, vision, and audio.","significance":"Voice and multimodal interaction move closer to the center of the product.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"veo","date":"2024-05-14","category":"models","title":"Google reveals Veo","organization":"Google DeepMind","people":["Google DeepMind video team"],"summary":"Google demonstrates a new video-generation model alongside Imagen 3.","significance":"Video generation becomes a growing field of competing research efforts.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/google-generative-ai-veo-imagen-3/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"granola","date":"2024-05-22","category":"tools","title":"Granola launches its AI notepad","organization":"Granola","people":["Chris Pedregal","Sam Stephenson"],"summary":"Granola combines personal meeting notes with an AI-generated transcript and enhancement.","significance":"A focused tool brings AI into the everyday task of remembering meetings.","sources":[{"label":"granola.ai","url":"https://www.granola.ai/blog/announcement"}],"precision":"day","related":["whisper","wispr"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"granola"},{"id":"poke-founded","date":"2024-06","category":"labs","title":"The Interaction Company is founded","organization":"Interaction","people":["Marvin von Hagen","Felix Schlegel"],"summary":"Interaction is founded in June 2024, later building the Poke personal messaging assistant.","significance":"Separates the company’s origin from later product availability.","sources":[{"label":"geradinpartners.com","url":"https://www.geradinpartners.com/geradin-partners-secures-landmark-interim-measures-for-interaction-in-meta-ai-whatsapp-case/"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"poke","format":"Company founding"},{"id":"apple-intelligence","date":"2024-06-10","category":"tools","title":"Apple Intelligence is announced","organization":"Apple","people":["Apple machine-learning and software teams"],"summary":"Apple announces generative AI features for iPhone, iPad, and Mac.","significance":"Personal devices and operating systems become another major AI interface.","sources":[{"label":"apple.com","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"apple"},{"id":"decagon-launch","date":"2024-06-18","category":"tools","title":"Decagon emerges from stealth","organization":"Decagon","people":["Jesse Zhang","Ashwin Sreenivas"],"summary":"Decagon publicly introduces its enterprise customer-support agents.","significance":"The release’s June 18 dateline is used; the web page is labeled June 17. 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Month precision preserves the letter’s timing.","sources":[{"label":"notion.com","url":"https://www.notion.com/blog/100-million-of-you"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"notion","format":"Adoption milestone"},{"id":"eu-ai-act","date":"2024-08-01","category":"impact","title":"The EU AI Act enters into force","organization":"European Union","people":["European Union institutions"],"summary":"The EU’s AI regulation enters into force with obligations taking effect on staged timelines.","significance":"AI development and deployment gain a significant new regulatory framework.","sources":[{"label":"digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"flux1","date":"2024-08-01","category":"models","title":"FLUX.1 enters the image-model ecosystem","organization":"Black Forest Labs","people":["Robin Rombach","Black Forest Labs team"],"summary":"Black Forest Labs releases FLUX.1 variants. The schnell model is available under Apache 2.0, while dev has different licensing terms.","significance":"Model variants in the same family can carry materially different reuse rights.","sources":[{"label":"huggingface.co","url":"https://huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-schnell"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"bfl","companyIds":["bfl"],"milestone":false,"format":"Model release · mixed licenses"},{"id":"comfy-flux","date":"2024-08-06","category":"tools","title":"ComfyUI adds FLUX workflows","organization":"ComfyUI","people":["ComfyUI contributors"],"summary":"ComfyUI documents FLUX support, a new frontend, and reusable node-based workflows.","significance":"Community interfaces help people run and combine generative-image models locally.","sources":[{"label":"blog.comfy.org","url":"https://blog.comfy.org/p/august-2024-flux-support-new-frontend-for-loops-and-more"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"comfyui","companyIds":["comfyui","bfl"],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-source creative tool"},{"id":"neo-beta","date":"2024-08-30","category":"tools","title":"1X unveils NEO Beta","organization":"1X","people":["Bernt Børnich"],"summary":"A prototype humanoid designed for the home.","significance":"A milestone in physical AI; a demonstration or unveiling is distinct from widespread commercial deployment.","sources":[{"label":"1x.tech","url":"https://www.1x.tech/discover/announcement-1x-unveils-neo-beta-a-humanoid-robot-for-the-home"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"1x"},{"id":"wispr","date":"2024-09","category":"tools","title":"Wispr Flow’s early public release","organization":"Wispr","people":["Tanay Kothari","Sahaj Garg"],"summary":"Wispr Flow brings AI-assisted dictation into applications on the Mac.","significance":"Speaking becomes an alternative to typing across everyday software.","sources":[{"label":"wisprflow.ai","url":"https://wisprflow.ai/about"}],"precision":"month","related":["whisper","granola"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"wispr"},{"id":"replit-agent","date":"2024-09","category":"tools","title":"Replit Agent starts building","organization":"Replit","people":["Amjad Masad","Replit team"],"summary":"Replit launches an agent that can create and deploy applications from instructions.","significance":"The workflow shifts from editing code toward delegating application-building tasks.","sources":[{"label":"replit.com","url":"https://replit.com/blog/introducing-replit-agent"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"replit"},{"id":"o1","date":"2024-09-12","category":"models","title":"OpenAI o1-preview","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI reasoning team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces a model series trained to spend more time reasoning before answering.","significance":"Test-time reasoning becomes a prominent product direction.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"microsoft-nuclear-crane","date":"2024-09-20","category":"impact","title":"Microsoft backs a nuclear restart plan","organization":"Constellation / Microsoft","people":["Joe Dominguez","Constellation team","Microsoft team"],"summary":"Constellation announces a 20-year Microsoft power-purchase agreement supporting the planned restart of Three Mile Island Unit 1 as the Crane Clean Energy Center.","significance":"Data-center electricity demand shapes nuclear investment. The agreement announces a planned restart, not an operating reactor; Unit 1 is distinct from the accident-damaged Unit 2.","sources":[{"label":"constellationenergy.com","url":"https://www.constellationenergy.com/news/2024/Constellation-to-Launch-Crane-Clean-Energy-Center-Restoring-Jobs-and-Carbon-Free-Power-to-The-Grid.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["google-kairos-nuclear","iren-microsoft"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"constellation","companyIds":["constellation","microsoft"]},{"id":"bolt","date":"2024-10","category":"tools","title":"Bolt.new launches","organization":"StackBlitz","people":["Eric Simons","Albert Pai","StackBlitz team"],"summary":"StackBlitz introduces Bolt.new at ViteConf 2024.","significance":"Browser execution and AI generation come together in an app-building tool.","sources":[{"label":"blog.stackblitz.com","url":"https://blog.stackblitz.com/posts/bolt-100k-oss-fund/"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"stackblitz"},{"id":"machines-loving-grace","date":"2024-10","category":"research","title":"Machines of Loving Grace","organization":"Dario Amodei","people":["Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Amodei publishes an essay exploring potential benefits of powerful AI in health, science, economic development, governance, and meaningful work.","significance":"An influential statement of his hopes for AI, presented as a conditional vision rather than established outcomes.","sources":[{"label":"darioamodei.com","url":"https://darioamodei.com/essay/machines-of-loving-grace"}],"precision":"month","related":["adolescence-technology","dario-interpretability","dario-pace-frontier","anthropic"],"milestone":false,"format":"Essay","companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"nobel-physics","date":"2024-10-08","category":"impact","title":"A physics Nobel for neural networks","organization":"Nobel Prize","people":["John Hopfield","Geoffrey Hinton"],"summary":"The physics prize recognizes foundational discoveries enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks.","significance":"Decades of neural-network research receive broad scientific recognition.","sources":[{"label":"nobelprize.org","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"nobel-chemistry","date":"2024-10-09","category":"impact","title":"Protein design and prediction win a Nobel","organization":"Nobel Prize","people":["David Baker","Demis Hassabis","John Jumper"],"summary":"The chemistry prize recognizes computational protein design and protein-structure prediction.","significance":"AI-assisted scientific discovery becomes part of the Nobel record.","sources":[{"label":"nobelprize.org","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"tesla-cybercab","date":"2024-10-10","category":"tools","title":"Tesla reveals Cybercab","organization":"Tesla","people":["Elon Musk","Tesla team"],"summary":"Tesla unveils its purpose-built robotaxi concept, Cybercab, at the We, Robot event.","significance":"A vehicle reveal and autonomy ambition, not evidence of production or unrestricted driverless deployment.","sources":[{"label":"Tesla quarterly report","url":"https://ir.tesla.com/_flysystem/s3/sec/000162828024043432/tsla-20241023-gen.pdf"},{"label":"Reuters · event date and context","url":"https://ca.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/teslas-musk-to-unveil-robotaxis-amid-fanfare-and-skepticism-3641277"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"tesla","format":"Vehicle reveal"},{"id":"starship-first-catch","date":"2024-10-13","category":"impact","title":"Starship’s booster is caught at the tower","organization":"SpaceX","people":["Elon Musk","SpaceX engineering team"],"summary":"On Starship’s fifth flight test, the launch tower catches the returning Super Heavy booster. The upper stage continues to a planned Indian Ocean splashdown.","significance":"Tower recovery tests another route toward rapid reuse. This flight does not establish recovery or reuse of both stages.","sources":[{"label":"youtube.com","url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI9HQfCAw64"}],"precision":"day","related":["falcon9-first-landing","falcon9-reflight","crew-dragon-demo2","starlink-first-batch"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"spacex","companyIds":["spacex"],"format":"Flight test"},{"id":"google-kairos-nuclear","date":"2024-10-14","category":"impact","title":"Google signs a nuclear-power agreement","organization":"Google / Kairos Power","people":["Michael Terrell","Mike Laufer","Kairos Power team"],"summary":"Google announces an agreement with Kairos Power for a series of advanced small modular reactors, targeting up to 500 MW by 2035 and an initial reactor by 2030.","significance":"An early corporate commitment to advanced nuclear power for growing electricity demand, including AI. The dates are announced deployment targets.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/company-news/outreach-and-initiatives/sustainability/google-kairos-power-nuclear-energy-agreement/"}],"precision":"day","related":["microsoft-nuclear-crane"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google-parent","companyIds":["google-parent","kairos"]},{"id":"computer-use","date":"2024-10-22","category":"tools","title":"Claude learns to use a computer","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic team"],"summary":"Anthropic releases a public beta of computer use with an updated Claude 3.5 Sonnet.","significance":"An assistant can interact with screens, clicks, and typing through a controlled tool interface.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/3-5-models-and-computer-use"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"waymo-100k-trips","date":"2024-10-25","category":"impact","title":"Waymo reports 100,000+ paid weekly trips","organization":"Waymo","people":["Tekedra Mawakana","Dmitri Dolgov"],"summary":"Waymo reports more than 100,000 paid trips per week, ten times the prior year’s level.","significance":"A real-world adoption measure: rides, not unique users. Dated to the company disclosure.","sources":[{"label":"waymo.com","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/investing-to-bring-the-waymo-driver-to-more-riders/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"waymo","format":"Adoption milestone"},{"id":"lovable-launch","date":"2024-11","category":"tools","title":"Lovable’s public launch","organization":"Lovable","people":["Anton Osika","Fabian Hedin"],"summary":"Lovable launches a platform for creating software through natural-language instructions.","significance":"AI app building reaches people who do not work primarily as programmers.","sources":[{"label":"lovable.dev","url":"https://lovable.dev/blog/series-c"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"lovable"},{"id":"suno4","date":"2024-11-19","category":"models","title":"Suno v4","organization":"Suno","people":["Suno team"],"summary":"Suno introduces a new generation of its music model.","significance":"Audio quality, control, and workflow become ongoing product work.","sources":[{"label":"blog.suno.com","url":"https://blog.suno.com/release-notes/v4-is-here"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"suno"},{"id":"mcp","date":"2024-11-25","category":"tools","title":"Model Context Protocol","organization":"Anthropic / open source","people":["Anthropic team","MCP contributors"],"summary":"Anthropic introduces an open protocol connecting AI applications with tools and data sources.","significance":"Shared integration conventions begin replacing some one-off connections.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/model-context-protocol"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"anthropic","companyIds":["anthropic"],"milestone":false},{"id":"deepseekv3","date":"2024-12","category":"models","title":"DeepSeek-V3","organization":"DeepSeek","people":["DeepSeek research team"],"summary":"A technical report describes a large mixture-of-experts language model.","significance":"Model architecture and training efficiency become central topics of comparison.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.19437"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"deepseek"},{"id":"hunyuanvideo","date":"2024-12-03","category":"models","title":"HunyuanVideo technical report","organization":"Tencent","people":["Weijie Kong","Qi Tian","Zijian Zhang","Rox Min","Zuozhuo Dai","HunyuanVideo research team"],"summary":"Tencent documents its large video-generation model and the training and inference systems behind it.","significance":"A major addition to the downloadable video-model ecosystem. This date records the first paper submission, not every subsequent model release.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03603"}],"precision":"day","related":["sora-demo","wan-report"],"milestone":false,"format":"Technical report","companyId":"tencent"},{"id":"sora-launch","date":"2024-12-09","category":"tools","title":"Sora becomes a public product","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI Sora team"],"summary":"OpenAI releases Sora Turbo through a dedicated web experience.","significance":"The research demonstration becomes a product people can use.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/sora-is-here/"}],"precision":"day","related":["sora-demo","sora2","sora-shutdown"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"willow","date":"2024-12-09","category":"research","title":"Willow advances quantum error correction","organization":"Google","people":["Michael Newman","Kevin Satzinger","Google Quantum AI and collaborators"],"summary":"Google reports that larger surface-code memories on its Willow processor suppress logical errors below the error-correction threshold.","significance":"Reducing errors as a quantum system scales is a step toward useful fault-tolerant computing. This research does not establish a general replacement for classical computers or GPUs.","sources":[{"label":"Google Research · error-correction results","url":"https://research.google/blog/making-quantum-error-correction-work/"},{"label":"Published quantum error-correction results","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08449-y"}],"precision":"day","related":["transistor","intel-4004","cuda"],"milestone":false,"thread":"quantum","format":"Research paper","status":"recorded","companyId":"google-parent","companyIds":["google-parent"]},{"id":"gemini2","date":"2024-12-11","category":"models","title":"Gemini 2.0: toward agents","organization":"Google DeepMind","people":["Google Gemini team"],"summary":"Google introduces Gemini 2.0 and demonstrates agent-oriented capabilities.","significance":"Multimodal models increasingly connect with action-taking systems.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/technology/google-deepmind/google-gemini-ai-update-december-2024/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"smolagents","date":"2024-12-31","category":"tools","title":"Hugging Face introduces smolagents","organization":"Hugging Face","people":["Aymeric Roucher","smolagents contributors"],"summary":"A compact open-source library lets language-model agents express tool actions in code.","significance":"The agent ecosystem expands beyond closed products into reusable community libraries.","sources":[{"label":"huggingface.co","url":"https://huggingface.co/blog/smolagents"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-source agent framework","companyId":"huggingface"},{"id":"instinct-founded","date":"2025","category":"labs","title":"Instinct is founded","organization":"Instinct","people":["Noah Shinn"],"summary":"Noah Shinn starts the company behind the personal messaging agent Instinct.","significance":"Sequoia records the founding year; later early-access publicity and financing are separate milestones.","sources":[{"label":"sequoiacap.com","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/companies/instinct"}],"precision":"year","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"instinct"},{"id":"minimax01","date":"2025-01","category":"models","title":"MiniMax-01","organization":"MiniMax","people":["MiniMax research team"],"summary":"A model family explores scaling attention and context length.","significance":"The global model landscape extends beyond the best-known US labs.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.08313"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"companyId":"minimax","companyIds":["minimax"],"milestone":false},{"id":"dario-deepseek-export","date":"2025-01","category":"research","title":"On DeepSeek and Export Controls","organization":"Dario Amodei","people":["Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Amodei argues that DeepSeek’s progress strengthens rather than weakens his case for chip export restrictions.","significance":"A dated intervention in the debate over compute, international competition, and AI policy.","sources":[{"label":"darioamodei.com","url":"https://darioamodei.com/post/on-deepseek-and-export-controls"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Essay / commentary","companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"tiktok-divestiture-ruling","date":"2025-01-17","category":"impact","title":"U.S. Supreme Court upholds TikTok divestiture law","organization":"TikTok","people":["U.S. Supreme Court"],"summary":"The Supreme Court rejects the First Amendment challenge to the law targeting TikTok unless a qualifying divestiture occurs.","significance":"The decision makes platform ownership and national-security regulation a major part of social-network history. This is a historical ruling, not a statement of TikTok’s current operating status.","sources":[{"label":"Primary source","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/24-656_new_3dq3.pdf"}],"precision":"day","related":["bytedance-journalists","tiktok-origin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"tiktok","companyIds":["tiktok","bytedance"],"format":"Court ruling","status":"decided"},{"id":"deepseek-r1","date":"2025-01-20","category":"models","title":"DeepSeek-R1 is released","organization":"DeepSeek","people":["DeepSeek research team"],"summary":"DeepSeek publishes a reasoning model and related downloadable models.","significance":"Open-weight reasoning becomes a major part of the model landscape.","sources":[{"label":"deepseek.com","url":"https://deepseek.com/en/news/deepseek-r1/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"deepseek"},{"id":"stargate-announced","date":"2025-01-21","category":"impact","title":"Trump and partners announce Stargate","organization":"Stargate / White House","people":["Donald Trump","Sam Altman","Masayoshi Son","Larry Ellison"],"summary":"OpenAI, SoftBank and Oracle join Trump for the announcement of the Stargate AI infrastructure venture, with an intended investment of up to $500 billion over four years.","significance":"A major data-center investment plan. Announced spending intentions are distinct from completed construction or funding received.","sources":[{"label":"OpenAI launch announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/"},{"label":"White House event reporting","url":"https://apnews.com/article/be261f8a8ee07a0623d4170397348c41"}],"precision":"day","related":["us-ai-action-plan","iren-microsoft"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"stargate","companyIds":["stargate","openai"]},{"id":"goose","date":"2025-01-28","category":"tools","title":"Block introduces goose","organization":"Block","people":["Adewale Abati","Brad Axen","Block goose team"],"summary":"Block introduces an open-source on-machine agent designed to work with models and extensible tools.","significance":"Desktop and terminal agents become something developers can inspect and extend.","sources":[{"label":"goose-docs.ai","url":"https://goose-docs.ai/blog/2025/01/28/introducing-codename-goose/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"block","companyIds":["block"],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-source agent"},{"id":"deepresearch","date":"2025-02-02","category":"tools","title":"ChatGPT adds deep research","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"A research agent is introduced for investigating questions across online sources.","significance":"Longer, source-backed tasks become a dedicated assistant workflow.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-deep-research/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"thinking-machines","date":"2025-02-18","category":"labs","title":"Thinking Machines Lab is unveiled","organization":"Thinking Machines Lab","people":["Mira Murati","John Schulman","Barret Zoph","founding team"],"summary":"Former OpenAI CTO Mira Murati unveils a new AI research company.","significance":"A further branch in the network of people leaving established labs.","sources":[{"label":"thinkingmachines.ai","url":"https://thinkingmachines.ai/"}],"precision":"day","related":["openai","claude-code"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"thinkingmachines"},{"id":"claude-code","date":"2025-02-24","category":"tools","title":"Claude Code enters research preview","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Boris Cherny","Anthropic Claude Code team"],"summary":"Anthropic introduces a terminal-based coding agent alongside Claude 3.7 Sonnet.","significance":"AI coding moves from completion toward multi-step software work.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet"}],"precision":"day","related":["claude","computer-use","codex-agent"],"icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/claude-code-product.png","alt":"Official Claude Code extension icon"},"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"claude37","date":"2025-02-24","category":"models","title":"Claude 3.7 Sonnet","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic team"],"summary":"Anthropic introduces a model with standard and extended-thinking modes.","significance":"Reasoning behavior becomes an explicit choice inside a model product.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"gpt45","date":"2025-02-27","category":"models","title":"GPT-4.5 research preview","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI research team"],"summary":"OpenAI releases a research preview focused on a new large-model generation.","significance":"A separate model branch sits alongside reasoning-focused releases.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-4-5/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"manus-launch","date":"2025-03","category":"tools","title":"Manus enters public view","organization":"Manus","people":["Xiao Hong","Ji Yichao","Manus team"],"summary":"A general-purpose agent product gains attention through demonstrations and early access.","significance":"Another product explores delegating whole tasks to an AI system.","sources":[{"label":"stripe.com","url":"https://stripe.com/customers/manus"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"manus"},{"id":"cua-founded","date":"2025-03","category":"labs","title":"Cua is founded around computer-use agents","organization":"Cua","people":["Francesco Bonacci"],"summary":"Francesco Bonacci starts Cua in San Francisco alongside Lume, a local macOS virtual-machine tool, and joins YC’s Spring 2025 batch.","significance":"Connects visual AI agents to desktop environments they can observe and operate. Company history dates the founding to March 2025, without an exact day.","sources":[{"label":"Company founding history","url":"https://cua.ai/about"},{"label":"YC founder and product profile","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/cua"}],"precision":"month","related":["computer-use","cua-cloud","mcp","openclaw"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"cua"},{"id":"gemini-robotics","date":"2025-03-12","category":"models","title":"Gemini Robotics","organization":"Google DeepMind","people":["Google DeepMind robotics team"],"summary":"New Gemini-based models are introduced for perception, reasoning, and robot actions.","significance":"Multimodal reasoning is applied to the physical world.","sources":[{"label":"deepmind.google","url":"https://deepmind.google/blog/gemini-robotics-brings-ai-into-the-physical-world/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google"},{"id":"wan-report","date":"2025-03-26","category":"models","title":"Wan documents its video-model family","organization":"Alibaba","people":["Team Wan","Ang Wang","Baole Ai","Bin Wen","Chaojie Mao","Wan research contributors"],"summary":"The technical report describes the Wan family of large video-generation models and its development framework.","significance":"Expands the research record behind widely downloadable video models. The paper date is distinct from the earlier public model release.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.20314"}],"precision":"day","related":["hunyuanvideo","sora-demo"],"milestone":false,"format":"Technical report","companyId":"alibaba"},{"id":"runway-gen4","date":"2025-03-31","category":"models","title":"Runway introduces Gen-4","organization":"Runway","people":["Cristóbal Valenzuela","Runway research team"],"summary":"Runway introduces Gen-4 models emphasizing consistency across characters, locations and objects in generated media.","significance":"A major generative-video milestone. Launch claims describe company-reported capabilities and do not guarantee consistency in every output.","sources":[{"label":"runway.com","url":"https://runway.com/research/introducing-runway-gen-4"}],"precision":"day","related":["latent-diffusion","sora-shutdown"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"runway"},{"id":"higgsfield-platform","date":"2025-04","category":"tools","title":"Higgsfield launches its creative platform","organization":"Higgsfield","people":["Alex Mashrabov","Yerzat Dulat","Mahi de Silva"],"summary":"Higgsfield launches the video-creation platform that its later company announcements date to April 2025, bringing AI generation and creative controls into a production workflow.","significance":"Models become tools for creators and marketing teams. This platform launch is distinct from the earlier Diffuse mobile app.","sources":[{"label":"Series A extension and platform launch month","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/higgsfield-announces-130m-series-a-and-reports-200m-annual-run-rate-302661805.html"},{"label":"Company overview and headquarters","url":"https://higgsfield.ai/about"}],"precision":"month","related":["higgsfield-diffuse","sora-demo","dalle2","runway-gen4"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"higgsfield","companyIds":["higgsfield"],"format":"Platform launch","status":"released"},{"id":"dario-interpretability","date":"2025-04","category":"research","title":"The Urgency of Interpretability","organization":"Dario Amodei","people":["Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Amodei argues for accelerating work to understand how advanced AI systems operate internally.","significance":"Connects mechanistic-interpretability research to his proposed approach to AI safety.","sources":[{"label":"darioamodei.com","url":"https://darioamodei.com/post/the-urgency-of-interpretability"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Essay / commentary","companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"devin2","date":"2025-04-03","category":"tools","title":"Devin 2.0","organization":"Cognition","people":["Cognition team"],"summary":"Cognition introduces an updated agent experience with codebase search and new workflows.","significance":"Coding-agent products develop beyond their first demonstrations.","sources":[{"label":"cognition.com","url":"https://cognition.com/blog/devin-2"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"cognition"},{"id":"o3o4","date":"2025-04-16","category":"models","title":"OpenAI o3 and o4-mini","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI reasoning team"],"summary":"OpenAI releases reasoning models that can use tools within their workflows.","significance":"Reasoning and action become more closely integrated.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"qwen3","date":"2025-04-29","category":"models","title":"Qwen3 adds hybrid reasoning","organization":"Alibaba / Qwen","people":["Qwen team"],"summary":"The Qwen team announces a new generation of downloadable models with thinking and non-thinking modes.","significance":"A major open-weight model family adds more options for local and self-hosted applications. Date follows the official announcement.","sources":[{"label":"qwenlm.github.io","url":"https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qwen3/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-weight release","companyId":"alibaba"},{"id":"cua-cloud","date":"2025-05","category":"tools","title":"Cua launches cloud desktops for agents","organization":"Cua","people":["Francesco Bonacci","Dillon DuPont","Morgan Dean"],"summary":"Cua Cloud launches desktops for AI agents in May 2025, according to the company’s published history.","significance":"Adds desktop infrastructure for agents that use graphical applications, complementing model advances in computer use.","sources":[{"label":"cua.ai","url":"https://cua.ai/about"}],"precision":"month","related":["cua-founded","computer-use","codex-agent","openclaw"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"cua"},{"id":"codex-agent","date":"2025-05-16","category":"tools","title":"Codex becomes a software agent","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI Codex team"],"summary":"A cloud coding agent can take on software tasks in isolated environments.","significance":"Codex evolves beyond its original code-generation model.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-codex/"}],"precision":"day","related":["codex-model","codex-app","claude-code"],"icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/codex-product.png","alt":"Codex product icon"},"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"claude4","date":"2025-05-22","category":"models","title":"Claude Opus 4 and Sonnet 4","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic team"],"summary":"Anthropic releases Claude 4 models and makes Claude Code generally available.","significance":"Models and coding-agent workflows advance together.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-4"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"handshake-ai","date":"2025-06-12","category":"tools","title":"Handshake introduces its AI business","organization":"Handshake","people":["Garrett Lord"],"summary":"Handshake publicly introduces its expert model-validation and AI training service.","significance":"The announcement follows the service’s March 2025 launch; the two dates are distinct.","sources":[{"label":"joinhandshake.com","url":"https://joinhandshake.com/blog/our-team/introducing-handshake-ai/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"handshake"},{"id":"scale-meta","date":"2025-06-12","category":"impact","title":"Meta takes a minority stake in Scale AI","organization":"Scale AI / Meta","people":["Alexandr Wang","Jason Droege","Mark Zuckerberg"],"summary":"Scale announces Meta’s investment at a valuation above $29B, alongside Wang’s move to Meta and Jason Droege’s appointment as interim CEO.","significance":"Scale remains independent. The deal is a minority investment with shareholder liquidity, not an outright acquisition of Scale.","sources":[{"label":"scale.com","url":"https://scale.com/blog/scale-ai-announces-next-phase-of-company-evolution"}],"precision":"day","related":["scale-founded","wang-meta-ai"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"scale","companyIds":["scale","meta"],"format":"Investment / leadership transition"},{"id":"wang-meta-ai","date":"2025-06-30","category":"labs","title":"Alexandr Wang leads Meta Superintelligence Labs","organization":"Meta","people":["Alexandr Wang","Mark Zuckerberg","Nat Friedman"],"summary":"Meta reorganizes AI under Meta Superintelligence Labs, headed by Wang as chief AI officer, according to Reuters reporting.","significance":"Records his formal AI leadership role separately from the earlier Scale investment and recruitment announcement.","sources":[{"label":"investing.com","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/meta-deepens-ai-push-with-superintelligence-lab-source-says-4117667"}],"precision":"day","related":["scale-meta"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta","companyIds":["meta","scale"],"format":"Leadership / organization"},{"id":"grok4","date":"2025-07-09","category":"models","title":"Grok 4 launches","organization":"xAI","people":["Elon Musk","xAI team"],"summary":"xAI releases Grok 4 with native tool use and real-time search, plus a Heavy subscription tier.","significance":"A major reasoning-model release, distinct from the original Grok assistant and later Grok Bot.","sources":[{"label":"x.ai","url":"https://x.ai/news/grok-4"}],"precision":"day","related":["grok","grok-bot"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"xai","format":"Model release"},{"id":"chatgpt-agent","date":"2025-07-17","category":"tools","title":"ChatGPT agent takes action","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI agent team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces an agent mode combining research and computer interaction.","significance":"An assistant can work through more of a task rather than only describe it.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-agent/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"us-ai-action-plan","date":"2025-07-23","category":"impact","title":"White House releases its AI Action Plan","organization":"US government","people":["Donald Trump","Michael Kratsios","David Sacks"],"summary":"The White House releases America’s AI Action Plan, outlining priorities for innovation, infrastructure and international AI leadership.","significance":"A policy agenda whose proposed measures are distinct from completed implementation.","sources":[{"label":"whitehouse.gov","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/07/white-house-unveils-americas-ai-action-plan/"}],"precision":"day","related":["stargate-announced","white-house-tech-dinner","genesis-mission"],"milestone":false,"format":"Government policy"},{"id":"kimi-k2-report","date":"2025-07-28","category":"models","title":"Kimi K2: open agentic intelligence","organization":"Moonshot AI","people":["Kimi Team","Yifan Bai","Yiping Bao","Kimi K2 research contributors"],"summary":"Moonshot documents a large mixture-of-experts model designed for tool use and agentic tasks.","significance":"A significant contribution to downloadable agent-oriented models. This is the first technical-report submission date, not the model launch date.","sources":[{"label":"arxiv.org","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20534"}],"precision":"day","related":["switch-transformers","react-paper"],"milestone":false,"format":"Technical report","companyId":"moonshot"},{"id":"figma-ipo","date":"2025-07-31","category":"impact","title":"Figma goes public","organization":"Figma","people":["Dylan Field","Evan Wallace"],"summary":"Figma begins public trading on the New York Stock Exchange under FIG.","significance":"A major public-market milestone for the design platform as it expands into AI creation.","sources":[{"label":"figma.com","url":"https://www.figma.com/blog/figma-ipo-founder-letter/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"figma"},{"id":"gpt-oss","date":"2025-08-05","category":"models","title":"OpenAI releases gpt-oss","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI gpt-oss team"],"summary":"OpenAI releases gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b weights under Apache 2.0.","significance":"A major return to downloadable model weights; this is not a release of the full training dataset.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-oss/"}],"precision":"day","related":["gpt2","deepseek-r1","qwen3"],"milestone":false,"format":"Open-weight release","companyId":"openai"},{"id":"gpt5","date":"2025-08-07","category":"models","title":"GPT-5","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI research and product teams"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces GPT-5 across ChatGPT and its developer platform.","significance":"Another major generation becomes part of the everyday assistant interface.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"chatgpt-700m-weekly","date":"2025-08-07","category":"impact","title":"ChatGPT approaches 700M weekly users","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"OpenAI reports nearly 700 million people using ChatGPT weekly at the GPT-5 launch.","significance":"Records the company’s approximate weekly figure on its disclosure date.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-new-era-of-work/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","format":"Adoption milestone"},{"id":"notion3","date":"2025-09","category":"tools","title":"Notion 3.0 introduces agents","organization":"Notion","people":["Notion team"],"summary":"Notion adds agents designed to carry out multi-step work inside the workspace.","significance":"A document-and-database product moves further toward delegated workflows.","sources":[{"label":"notion.com","url":"https://www.notion.com/blog/introducing-notion-3-0"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"notion"},{"id":"white-house-tech-dinner","date":"2025-09-04","category":"impact","title":"Trump gathers technology and AI leaders","organization":"US government","people":["Donald Trump","Melania Trump","Sam Altman","Greg Brockman","Sergey Brin","Mark Zuckerberg","Tim Cook","Satya Nadella"],"summary":"Trump hosts technology executives at the White House for a dinner focused on AI, infrastructure and innovation.","significance":"The gathering took place September 4; the linked White House account was published September 5. Attendance is not a joint corporate policy commitment.","sources":[{"label":"whitehouse.gov","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/09/president-trump-tech-leaders-unite-american-ai-dominance/"}],"precision":"day","related":["us-ai-action-plan","stargate-announced"],"milestone":false,"companyIds":["openai","google-parent","meta","apple","microsoft"],"format":"White House gathering"},{"id":"asml-mistral-partnership","date":"2025-09-09","category":"impact","title":"ASML partners with Mistral AI","organization":"ASML / Mistral AI","people":["ASML team","Mistral AI team"],"summary":"ASML and Mistral announce a long-term collaboration to explore AI models across semiconductor equipment, research and operations.","significance":"A link between frontier-model development and the semiconductor manufacturing supply chain. Financing is kept inside company profiles.","sources":[{"label":"asml.com","url":"https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2025/asml-mistral-ai-enter-strategic-partnership"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"asml","companyIds":["asml","mistral"]},{"id":"stripe-agentic-commerce","date":"2025-09-29","category":"tools","title":"Stripe + OpenAI introduce agentic commerce","organization":"Stripe / OpenAI","people":["Patrick Collison","John Collison","OpenAI and Stripe teams"],"summary":"Stripe and OpenAI introduce the Agentic Commerce Protocol alongside Instant Checkout in ChatGPT.","significance":"A shared protocol lets agents, buyers and businesses coordinate checkout. Launch availability is distinct from support by every merchant.","sources":[{"label":"stripe.com","url":"https://stripe.com/blog/developing-an-open-standard-for-agentic-commerce"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"stripe","companyIds":["stripe","openai"],"format":"Protocol and product launch"},{"id":"sora2","date":"2025-09-30","category":"tools","title":"Sora 2 + the Sora app","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI Sora team"],"summary":"OpenAI launches Sora 2 and a social video-creation app.","significance":"A new product chapter, distinct from the earlier Sora web release.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/sora-2/"}],"precision":"day","related":["sora-demo","sora-launch","sora-shutdown"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"pocket-launch","date":"2025-10","category":"tools","title":"Pocket launches its AI conversation recorder","organization":"Pocket","people":["Akshay Narisetti","Gabriel Dymowski"],"summary":"Pocket launches a dedicated recorder and companion app that turn conversations into transcripts, summaries and action items.","significance":"Brings AI note-taking into in-person conversations and calls. The investor and company release specify October 2025 without an exact launch day.","sources":[{"label":"Investor launch history","url":"https://www.accel.com/news/the-device-that-remembers-so-you-don-t-have-to-our-investment-in-pocket"},{"label":"Company announcement and product scope","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/06/29/3318980/0/en/pocket-raises-11m-from-accel-and-others-as-demand-surges-for-its-personal-ai-assistant-device.html"},{"label":"YC product profile","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/pocket"}],"precision":"month","related":["pocket-founded","whisper","granola","sandbar-stream-ring"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"pocket"},{"id":"thinking-tinker","date":"2025-10-01","category":"tools","title":"Thinking Machines introduces Tinker","organization":"Thinking Machines Lab","people":["Mira Murati","Thinking Machines Lab team"],"summary":"Thinking Machines launches a private beta of Tinker, its API for fine-tuning open-weight language models.","significance":"The service exposes training controls while managing distributed compute; a training API is distinct from a new base-model release.","sources":[{"label":"thinkingmachines.ai","url":"https://thinkingmachines.ai/news/announcing-tinker/"}],"precision":"day","related":["thinking-machines"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"thinkingmachines"},{"id":"ramp-ap-agents","date":"2025-10-07","category":"tools","title":"Ramp introduces accounts-payable agents","organization":"Ramp","people":["Geoff Charles","Ramp team"],"summary":"Ramp introduces agents for invoice coding, fraud checks and approval recommendations.","significance":"A major enterprise-agent launch; access and human approval controls vary by feature and plan.","sources":[{"label":"ramp.com","url":"https://ramp.com/blog/ramp-ap-agents-announcement"}],"precision":"day","related":["ramp-founded"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ramp","format":"Agent launch"},{"id":"erebor-conditional","date":"2025-10-15","category":"impact","title":"Erebor receives conditional charter approval","organization":"Erebor Bank","people":["Palmer Luckey","Jonathan V. Gould"],"summary":"The OCC conditionally approves Erebor’s national-bank charter application.","significance":"Preopening conditions remain; this is not the final opening or effective charter date.","sources":[{"label":"occ.treas.gov","url":"https://www.occ.treas.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-101.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["erebor-charter"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"erebor"},{"id":"chatgpt-atlas","date":"2025-10-21","category":"tools","title":"ChatGPT Atlas browser launches","organization":"OpenAI","people":["Sam Altman","Ben Goodger","Adam Fry"],"summary":"OpenAI launches a browser integrating ChatGPT, browsing context, memory, and an agent-mode preview on macOS.","significance":"An important step from chat into actions across websites. The launch page now marks Atlas deprecated.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-atlas/"}],"precision":"day","related":["computer-use","openai-dots"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"openclaw-origins","date":"2025-11","category":"tools","title":"OpenClaw begins as a weekend project","organization":"OpenClaw","people":["Peter Steinberger"],"summary":"Steinberger starts the project later called Clawd, Moltbot and OpenClaw, initially experimenting with a WhatsApp relay.","significance":"The creator dates its beginnings to November 2025; January 2026 is the later OpenClaw naming milestone.","sources":[{"label":"openclaw.ai","url":"https://openclaw.ai/blog/introducing-openclaw"}],"precision":"month","related":["openclaw","opus45"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openclaw","format":"Project origins"},{"id":"iren-microsoft","date":"2025-11-03","category":"impact","title":"IREN signs $9.7B Microsoft AI cloud contract","organization":"IREN / Microsoft","people":["Daniel Roberts","Jonathan Tinter"],"summary":"IREN announces a five-year GPU cloud contract with Microsoft worth approximately $9.7 billion, supported by planned GB300 deployment at Childress, Texas.","significance":"A major commitment of data-center capacity for AI. The contract value is revenue commitment, not equity funding.","sources":[{"label":"iren.gcs-web.com","url":"https://iren.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/iren-secures-97bn-ai-cloud-contract-microsoft"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"iren","companyIds":["iren","microsoft","nvidia"]},{"id":"sandbar-stream-ring","date":"2025-11-05","category":"tools","title":"Sandbar reveals Stream Ring","organization":"Sandbar","people":["Mina Fahmi","Kirak Hong"],"summary":"Sandbar emerges from stealth with Stream Ring, a wearable that captures spoken notes through a touch-activated microphone and connects to a conversational app.","significance":"An AI-interface hardware milestone. The November reveal and preorder opening are distinct from later customer shipments.","sources":[{"label":"wired.com","url":"https://www.wired.com/story/sandbar-stream-smart-ring/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"sandbar","companyIds":["sandbar"],"format":"Product reveal / preorders"},{"id":"worldlabs-marble","date":"2025-11-12","category":"models","title":"World Labs releases Marble","organization":"World Labs","people":["World Labs team"],"summary":"Marble becomes publicly available for generating persistent, explorable 3D worlds.","significance":"World models move into a product creators can use.","sources":[{"label":"worldlabs.ai","url":"https://www.worldlabs.ai/blog/marble-world-model"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"worldlabs"},{"id":"prometheus-emerges","date":"2025-11-17","category":"labs","title":"Project Prometheus comes into public view","organization":"Prometheus","people":["Jeff Bezos","Vik Bajaj"],"summary":"Reports identify Bezos and Bajaj leading an AI startup focused on engineering and manufacturing.","significance":"Bezos returns to an operating role; public reporting date is distinct from the unknown exact founding date.","sources":[{"label":"investing.com","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/jeff-bezos-to-colead-ai-startup-in-first-operational-role-since-amazon-nyt-reports-4361881"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"prometheus","format":"Company reporting"},{"id":"opus45","date":"2025-11-24","category":"models","title":"Claude Opus 4.5: an agentic leap","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic model team"],"summary":"Anthropic releases Opus 4.5 with stronger coding, computer-use, and agent capabilities.","significance":"Part of the model-capability shift behind the OpenClaw era; this does not imply OpenClaw required only this model.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-5"}],"precision":"day","related":["openclaw","claude-code","opus46","fable5"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"genesis-mission","date":"2025-11-24","category":"impact","title":"Trump launches the Genesis Mission","organization":"US government","people":["Donald Trump","Michael Kratsios","US Department of Energy team"],"summary":"An executive order launches an effort to connect federal scientific data, computing infrastructure and AI for scientific discovery.","significance":"A national AI-for-science initiative; announcement goals are distinct from demonstrated scientific results.","sources":[{"label":"whitehouse.gov","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/11/launching-the-genesis-mission/"}],"precision":"day","related":["us-ai-action-plan","openai-navier-stokes"],"milestone":false,"format":"Government initiative"},{"id":"unconventional-introduction","date":"2025-12-08","category":"labs","title":"Unconventional AI introduces itself","organization":"Unconventional AI","people":["Naveen Rao","MeeLan Lee","Sara Achour","Michael Carbin"],"summary":"Unconventional AI publicly introduces its effort to build more energy-efficient AI computing around physical dynamics.","significance":"The public introduction and funding disclosure are distinct from a verified legal-incorporation date.","sources":[{"label":"unconventional.ws","url":"https://www.unconventional.ws/blog/introducing-unconventional-ai/"}],"precision":"day","related":["unconventional-un0"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"unconventional"},{"id":"nemotron3","date":"2025-12-15","category":"models","title":"NVIDIA introduces Nemotron 3","organization":"NVIDIA","people":["NVIDIA Nemotron research team"],"summary":"NVIDIA introduces its Nemotron 3 open-model family for agentic AI, beginning with Nano.","significance":"The family announcement is distinct from release dates for every later Super and Ultra checkpoint. Model weights and training resources broaden the open-model ecosystem.","sources":[{"label":"research.nvidia.com","url":"https://research.nvidia.com/labs/nemotron/Nemotron-3/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"nvidia","format":"Open-model family announcement"},{"id":"adolescence-technology","date":"2026-01","category":"research","title":"The Adolescence of Technology","organization":"Dario Amodei","people":["Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Amodei examines risks from powerful AI and argues for safeguards, governance, and societal preparation.","significance":"A companion to his optimistic essay, setting out the risks and responses he believes deserve urgent attention.","sources":[{"label":"darioamodei.com","url":"https://darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology"}],"precision":"month","related":["machines-loving-grace","dario-policy-exponential","dario-pace-frontier"],"milestone":false,"format":"Essay","companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"claude-cowork","date":"2026-01-12","category":"tools","title":"Claude Cowork enters research preview","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic team"],"summary":"Anthropic brings Claude Code’s agent capabilities to knowledge work in a research preview for Max subscribers on macOS.","significance":"A shift from coding agents toward work across files and connected tools.","sources":[{"label":"support.claude.com","url":"https://support.claude.com/en/articles/12138966-release-notes"}],"precision":"day","related":["claude-code","chatgpt-work"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic","companyIds":["anthropic"]},{"id":"openclaw","date":"2026-01-29","category":"tools","title":"Clawd → Moltbot → OpenClaw","organization":"OpenClaw","people":["Peter Steinberger","open-source contributors"],"summary":"The personal-agent project adopts the OpenClaw name after earlier iterations.","significance":"A naming and product milestone, separate from the project’s first experiments.","sources":[{"label":"openclaw.ai","url":"https://openclaw.ai/blog/introducing-openclaw"}],"precision":"day","related":["muse","mcp","codex-app","opus45"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openclaw"},{"id":"codex-app","date":"2026-02-02","category":"tools","title":"Codex becomes a desktop app","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI Codex team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces a macOS app for directing and coordinating coding agents.","significance":"A new interface milestone in the Codex product lineage.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-the-codex-app/"}],"precision":"day","related":["codex-model","codex-agent","openclaw"],"icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/codex-product.png","alt":"Codex app icon"},"milestone":true,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"opus46","date":"2026-02-05","category":"models","title":"Claude Opus 4.6","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic model team"],"summary":"Anthropic updates Opus with stronger coding, planning, and long-running agent capabilities.","significance":"A further step in the agentic model progression following Opus 4.5.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-6"}],"precision":"day","related":["opus45","openclaw","fable5"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"erebor-charter","date":"2026-02-06","category":"impact","title":"Erebor’s national-bank charter takes effect","organization":"Erebor Bank","people":["Palmer Luckey","OCC regulatory team"],"summary":"The OCC records Erebor’s charter transaction as consummated and effective.","significance":"A formal banking milestone for the technology ecosystem; the regulatory effective date is kept separate from conditional approval and later news coverage.","sources":[{"label":"apps.occ.gov","url":"https://apps.occ.gov/CAS/home/details?FilingID=NGzrdlDperpA&FilingSubtypeID=1101&FilingTypeID=2"}],"precision":"day","related":["erebor-conditional"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"erebor"},{"id":"anthropic-superbowl","date":"2026-02-08","category":"impact","title":"Claude’s Super Bowl ad campaign","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic team"],"summary":"Anthropic brings its ad-free Claude campaign to Super Bowl LX, satirizing advertising inside AI conversations.","significance":"The campaign was released online February 4 before its February 8 broadcast, turning the AI business-model rivalry into a mass-market advertising debate.","sources":[{"label":"Watch the Super Bowl spot · iSpot","url":"https://www.ispot.tv/ad/gOWG/anthropic-super-bowl-2026-betrayal"},{"label":"Anthropic’s advertising position","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-is-a-space-to-think"},{"label":"Reuters · campaign and rivalry","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/anthropic-buys-super-bowl-ads-to-slap-openai-for-selling-ads-in-chatgpt-4492329"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic","format":"Advertising / culture"},{"id":"claude-distillation-feb","date":"2026-02-23","category":"impact","title":"Anthropic alleges Claude distillation by Chinese AI labs","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic threat intelligence team"],"summary":"Anthropic alleges that DeepSeek, Moonshot AI and MiniMax used approximately 24,000 fraudulent accounts to generate over 16 million exchanges with Claude for training their own models.","significance":"Shows competition over reasoning, coding and agent capabilities extending to access controls and training data. Distillation is a legitimate training method; Anthropic alleges unauthorized access and use in these campaigns. The date marks the disclosure, not when the campaigns began.","sources":[{"label":"Anthropic disclosure and reported figures","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks"}],"precision":"day","related":["claude-distillation-sep","deepseek-r1","kimi-k2-report","minimax01","dario-deepseek-export"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic","companyIds":["anthropic","deepseek","moonshot","minimax"],"format":"Company allegations"},{"id":"atoms-reveal","date":"2026-03-13","category":"labs","title":"Travis Kalanick unveils Atoms","organization":"Atoms","people":["Travis Kalanick"],"summary":"Kalanick reveals the Atoms identity and expands his physical-automation strategy across food, mining and transport.","significance":"A renaming and expansion of earlier City Storage Systems operations, rather than an unrelated new coding-agent company.","sources":[{"label":"Founder statement","url":"https://atoms.co/vision"},{"label":"Dated Reuters report","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/uber-cofounder-kalanick-launches-atoms-in-specialized-robotics-push-4561080"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"atoms"},{"id":"openai-tbpn","date":"2026-04-02","category":"impact","title":"OpenAI acquires TBPN","organization":"OpenAI / TBPN","people":["Fidji Simo","Jordi Hays","John Coogan","Dylan Abruscato"],"summary":"OpenAI announces its acquisition of the live tech talk show TBPN.","significance":"The company says TBPN will retain control of programming and guest selection. Deal value is undisclosed in the announcement.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/openai-acquires-tbpn/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai","tbpn"],"format":"Acquisition"},{"id":"anthropic-revenue-overtakes","date":"2026-04-06","category":"impact","title":"Anthropic passes OpenAI in reported run rate","organization":"Anthropic / OpenAI","people":["Dario Amodei","Krishna Rao","Sarah Friar"],"summary":"Anthropic discloses annualized run-rate revenue above $30 billion, exceeding OpenAI’s then-reported roughly $24–25 billion figure.","significance":"A comparison of reported annualized run rates, not audited full-year revenue or profit. The companies account for cloud-provider revenue sharing differently, limiting direct comparability. April 6 is the disclosure date, not a proven crossover day.","sources":[{"label":"Anthropic revenue disclosure","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/google-broadcom-partnership-compute"},{"label":"Revenue comparison and accounting differences","url":"https://apnews.com/article/3c2674f5cdf67ac6d88eedb207de117c"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Reported revenue milestone","companyId":"anthropic","companyIds":["anthropic","openai"]},{"id":"sabi-cap","date":"2026-04-16","category":"tools","title":"Sabi reveals a thought-to-text brain cap","organization":"Sabi","people":["Rahul Chhabra","Atmadeep Banerjee"],"summary":"Sabi emerges from stealth with a non-invasive EEG wearable designed to decode imagined speech into text on a computer. The announced device is in development.","significance":"Neural decoding explores a new input method for computers and AI. Intended speech is the target, not unrestricted access to a person’s thoughts.","sources":[{"label":"Sabi Cap and official waitlist","url":"https://sabi.com/"},{"label":"Public reveal, April 16, 2026","url":"https://www.wired.com/story/this-beanie-is-designed-to-read-your-thoughts/"},{"label":"Company announcement: cap roadmap and seed financing","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/10/09/3378310/0/en/sabi-raises-50-million-seed-round-led-by-khosla-ventures-to-put-a-brain-ai-interface-inside-a-baseball-cap.html"}],"precision":"day","related":["neuron","turing","whisper","sandbar-stream-ring","ghost-core"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"sabi","companyIds":["sabi"],"status":"in-development","format":"Product announcement"},{"id":"mts-launch","date":"2026-04-20","category":"impact","title":"MTS launches on X","organization":"MTS","people":["Chris Bakke","Theo Jaffee","Gabriel Dickinson","Sophie (@netcapgirl)","Erik Torenberg","Brent Liang"],"summary":"Monitoring the Situation begins its live technology, business and culture coverage on X.","significance":"The launch announcement documents the media organization and its founding team. Its coverage belongs to the public conversation surrounding the AI industry.","sources":[{"label":"a16z.news","url":"https://www.a16z.news/p/monitoring-the-situation"}],"precision":"day","related":["openai-tbpn"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"mts","format":"Media launch"},{"id":"sora-shutdown","date":"2026-04-26","category":"impact","title":"Sora’s web and app shut down","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI"],"summary":"OpenAI discontinues the Sora web and app experiences.","significance":"The product lifecycle includes its ending; the shutdown notice does not establish a single cause.","sources":[{"label":"help.openai.com","url":"https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001152-what-to-know-about-the-sora-discontinuation"}],"precision":"day","related":["sora-demo","sora-launch","sora2","sora-api-end"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"mac-mini-openclaw-shortage","date":"2026-04-30","category":"impact","title":"Mac mini shortages amid OpenClaw demand","organization":"Apple / OpenClaw","people":["Tim Cook","OpenClaw community"],"summary":"Reporting describes Mac mini configurations selling out as demand for OpenClaw and other agent tools grows. On Apple’s earnings call, Tim Cook says AI-related desktop demand exceeded expectations.","significance":"A visible hardware-market effect of agent adoption. Advanced-node and memory supply constraints also contribute; OpenClaw is not established as the sole cause.","sources":[{"label":"9to5mac.com","url":"https://9to5mac.com/2026/04/30/apple-mac-mini-studio-supply-constraints/"}],"precision":"day","related":["openclaw","openclaw-origins"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple","openclaw"],"format":"Reported adoption impact"},{"id":"openai-unit-distance","date":"2026-05-20","category":"research","title":"OpenAI reports a unit-distance disproof","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI research team","Paul Erdős (original problem)","Tim Gowers (external commentary)","Noga Alon (external commentary)","Arul Shankar (external commentary)","Jacob Tsimerman (external commentary)"],"summary":"OpenAI reports that an internal model disproves the conjectured bound for the planar unit-distance problem, using a new family of constructions. It publishes the proof and external mathematicians’ companion commentary.","significance":"A research-level mathematical result, distinct from performance on contest or benchmark problems. The company reports that external mathematicians checked the proof.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/model-disproves-discrete-geometry-conjecture/"}],"precision":"day","related":["openai-ten-math-advances","openai-navier-stokes"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai"]},{"id":"dario-policy-exponential","date":"2026-06","category":"research","title":"Policy on the AI Exponential","organization":"Dario Amodei","people":["Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Amodei proposes policy responses to fast AI progress, including model oversight and economic measures.","significance":"Documents his proposals and reasoning; it does not imply that those proposals became law.","sources":[{"label":"darioamodei.com","url":"https://darioamodei.com/post/policy-on-the-ai-exponential"}],"precision":"month","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Essay / commentary","companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"fable5","date":"2026-06-09","category":"models","title":"Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic model team"],"summary":"Anthropic introduces a new model generation with different safeguard and access configurations.","significance":"Longer-running work becomes a major frontier-model focus; release claims and access restrictions are recorded separately.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-fable-5-mythos-5"}],"precision":"day","related":["opus45","fable51"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"spacex-ipo","date":"2026-06-12","category":"impact","title":"SpaceX goes public","organization":"SpaceX","people":["Elon Musk"],"summary":"SpaceX’s Class A shares begin trading on Nasdaq Global Select Market and Nasdaq Texas under SPCX on June 12, 2026.","significance":"The trading debut precedes the June 15 issuance closing. The company reports about $85.7B in gross IPO proceeds at closing; that is distinct from a venture round or company valuation.","sources":[{"label":"ir.spacex.com","url":"https://ir.spacex.com/updates/releases-details/2026/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp--Announces-Closing-of-Initial-Public-Offering-Including-Full-Exercise-of-Underwriters-Option-to-Purchase-Additional-Shares-2026-RgoR-Y1Vwh/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"spacex"},{"id":"unconventional-un0","date":"2026-06-25","category":"models","title":"Unconventional AI releases Un-0","organization":"Unconventional AI","people":["Unconventional AI research team"],"summary":"Un-0 generates images using a simulated network of coupled oscillators; the company releases weights and training/evaluation code.","significance":"A research step toward physical computing, rather than proof of the company’s eventual 1,000× hardware-efficiency target. Company release index checked October 15 lists Un-0 as its latest model release.","sources":[{"label":"Model introduction","url":"https://unconv.ai/blog/introducing-un-0-generating-images-with-coupled-oscillators/"},{"label":"Code and model resources","url":"https://github.com/unconv-ai/Un-0"}],"precision":"day","related":["unconventional-introduction","hopfield"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"unconventional","format":"Open model and research release"},{"id":"openai-huggingface-incident","date":"2026-07","category":"impact","title":"OpenAI agents breach Hugging Face","organization":"OpenAI / Hugging Face","people":["OpenAI research and incident-response teams","Hugging Face security team","METR and Redwood Research investigators"],"summary":"During cybersecurity evaluations in July 2026, OpenAI research agents bypassed isolation controls and accessed Hugging Face systems without authorization, according to OpenAI’s incident report.","significance":"A major failure of agent containment. OpenAI and independent METR/Redwood investigations published reports on August 26. The incident date is distinct from the report dates; the reports describe internal research agents operating with reduced safeguards.","sources":[{"label":"OpenAI · incident chronology and response · August 26, 2026","url":"https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-incident-and-the-road-ahead/"},{"label":"METR / Redwood Research · independent investigation · August 26, 2026","url":"https://metr.org/blog/2026-08-26-openai-hugging-face-incident-investigation/"},{"label":"OpenAI · subsequent disclosures and updates","url":"https://openai.com/hugging-face-incident-and-misalignment/"}],"precision":"month","related":["gpt6-astra","react-paper"],"milestone":false,"format":"Security incident","companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai","huggingface"]},{"id":"chatgpt-work","date":"2026-07-09","category":"tools","title":"OpenAI introduces ChatGPT Work","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"ChatGPT Work is introduced as an agent that works across apps and files and turns goals into finished documents, presentations, spreadsheets and tools.","significance":"Longer-running agent work moves into a broad workspace.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-for-your-most-ambitious-work/"}],"precision":"day","related":["claude-cowork","codex-app"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai"]},{"id":"poke-cognition","date":"2026-07-23","category":"impact","title":"Cognition acquires Interaction, maker of Poke","organization":"Cognition / Interaction","people":["Scott Wu","Marvin von Hagen","Felix Schlegel"],"summary":"Cognition announces that Interaction, the company behind Poke, is joining it.","significance":"Poke continues as a personal assistant while its team gains access to Cognition’s agent infrastructure.","sources":[{"label":"cognition.com","url":"https://cognition.com/blog/interaction"}],"precision":"day","related":["poke-founded","devin"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"poke","companyIds":["poke","cognition"],"format":"Acquisition announcement"},{"id":"openai-ten-math-advances","date":"2026-08-01","category":"research","title":"OpenAI reports ten math advances","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI research team"],"summary":"OpenAI publishes ten results from an internal Astra model, spanning sphere packing, binary and spherical codes, non-sofic groups, Connes’s rigidity conjecture, arithmetic circuits, quantum parallel repetition, closest-vector hardness, Ehrhart’s conjecture, Ramsey numbers and extremal graph conjectures.","significance":"The announcement distinguishes resolutions from substantial progress. Humans prepared manuscripts with the model; OpenAI says each argument was formalized in Lean. Links lead to the papers and reasoning walkthroughs.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/ten-advances-in-mathematics/"}],"precision":"day","related":["openai-unit-distance","openai-navier-stokes","gpt6-astra"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai"]},{"id":"grok-bot","date":"2026-08-11","category":"tools","title":"Grok Bot launches","organization":"xAI","people":["xAI team"],"summary":"xAI introduces cloud-based AI teammates that can use apps and work in the background.","significance":"The Grok product family expands from conversation into ongoing agent work.","sources":[{"label":"x.ai","url":"https://x.ai/news/introducing-grok-bot"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"xai"},{"id":"gemini-billion-monthly","date":"2026-08-11","category":"impact","title":"Gemini passes 1B monthly users","organization":"Google","people":["Google Gemini team"],"summary":"Google announces that the Gemini app has passed one billion monthly users.","significance":"App-only monthly users; not directly comparable to ChatGPT weekly users or the broader reach of Google Search.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/gemini-app/one-billion-monthly-users/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google","format":"Adoption milestone"},{"id":"cursor-spacex","date":"2026-08-14","category":"impact","title":"SpaceX acquires Cursor","organization":"Cursor","people":["Michael Truell"],"summary":"Cursor announces its acquisition by SpaceX has officially completed.","significance":"The April partnership and acquisition option become a closed transaction, joining the SpaceX AI team.","sources":[{"label":"cursor.com","url":"https://cursor.com/blog/joining-spacex"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"cursor","companyIds":["cursor","spacex"],"milestone":false},{"id":"etched-jane-street","date":"2026-08-18","category":"tools","title":"Etched ships its first rack to Jane Street","organization":"Etched / Jane Street","people":["Etched engineering team","Jane Street team"],"summary":"Etched announces that its first inference rack has shipped to Jane Street following hardware testing.","significance":"A customer deployment milestone for specialized inference chips; the associated investment is recorded inside the company profile.","sources":[{"label":"etched.com","url":"https://www.etched.com/progress/from-zero-to-one"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"etched","companyIds":["etched","janestreet"]},{"id":"claudeforce","date":"2026-08-26","category":"tools","title":"Salesforce × Anthropic: Claudeforce","organization":"Salesforce / Anthropic","people":["Marc Benioff","Dario Amodei"],"summary":"Salesforce and Anthropic announce an expanded strategic partnership connecting Claude with Salesforce data, workflows, business logic, actions, and governance.","significance":"A major enterprise-agent partnership, rather than an acquisition or a venture funding round.","sources":[{"label":"Salesforce · partnership announcement","url":"https://www.salesforce.com/news/press-releases/2026/08/26/salesforce-and-anthropic-announce-claudeforce/"},{"label":"Salesforce · Claudeforce product information","url":"https://www.salesforce.com/claudeforce/"}],"precision":"day","related":["claude","anthropic","mcp"],"milestone":false,"format":"Strategic partnership","companyId":"salesforce","companyIds":["salesforce","anthropic"]},{"id":"chatgpt-billion-weekly","date":"2026-08-31","category":"impact","title":"ChatGPT exceeds 1B weekly users","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"OpenAI reports that ChatGPT serves more than one billion weekly active users.","significance":"Confirmed by this dated company statement; the precise day the threshold was crossed is not established.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/expanding-access-to-ai-with-chatgpt-ads/"}],"precision":"day","related":["chatgpt","chatgpt-700m-weekly","chatgpt-1-2b-weekly"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","format":"Adoption milestone"},{"id":"fable51","date":"2026-09-01","category":"models","title":"Claude Fable 5.1 and Mythos 5.1","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic model team"],"summary":"Anthropic releases updated models for coding, knowledge work, and research, with different access safeguards.","significance":"A major model-generation update in the increasingly agentic software ecosystem.","sources":[{"label":"anthropic.com","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/claude-fable-and-mythos-5-1"}],"precision":"day","related":["fable5","gpt6-astra"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"wayve-london-rides","date":"2026-09-03","category":"impact","title":"Wayve and Uber launch supervised London rides","organization":"Wayve / Uber","people":["Alex Kendall","Dara Khosrowshahi"],"summary":"Wayve-powered rides become available to eligible Uber passengers in London. A trained, TfL-licensed driver remains onboard to oversee each trip.","significance":"Learned driving technology reaches a public ride service in the UK. This initial supervised rollout is distinct from a driverless service.","sources":[{"label":"wayve.ai","url":"https://wayve.ai/press/wayve-uber-launch-autonomous-rides/"}],"precision":"day","related":["wayve-founded","waymo-driverless-public","tesla-cybercab"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"wayve","companyIds":["wayve"],"format":"Supervised service launch"},{"id":"gpt6-astra","date":"2026-09-03","category":"models","title":"GPT-6 Astra","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI model team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces GPT-6 Astra for demanding reasoning, coding, research, and multi-step work.","significance":"A major model release preceding the company’s dots agent announcement.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra/"}],"precision":"day","related":["fable51","openai-dots"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"muse","date":"2026-09-08","category":"tools","title":"Meta introduces Muse","organization":"Meta","people":["Meta Muse team"],"summary":"Meta introduces a personal AI agent designed to act across apps using a dedicated virtual computer.","significance":"A consumer-agent milestone distinct from Meta’s Muse model releases.","sources":[{"label":"about.fb.com","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2026/09/introducing-muse-personal-ai-agent/"}],"precision":"day","related":["openclaw","computer-use","codex-app"],"milestone":true,"icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/muse-character.png","alt":"Muse character"},"companyId":"meta"},{"id":"jacob-coxon-resigns","date":"2026-09-08","category":"impact","title":"Jacob Coxon resigns over AI safety","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Jacob Coxon"],"summary":"Coxon publicly announces his departure from Anthropic and criticizes the responsibility of frontier AI development at Anthropic and OpenAI.","significance":"His resignation brings a researcher’s safety objections into public debate. The criticisms and forecasts are his views, not findings established by this timeline.","sources":[{"label":"WIRED · interview and reporting","url":"https://www.wired.com/story/anthropic-researcher-quits-jacob-coxon-ai-fears-humanity/"},{"label":"Associated Press · resignation coverage","url":"https://apnews.com/article/2ed549e07f2f941600a135070487d83d"},{"label":"PBS News Hour · September 17 interview and transcript","url":"https://www.pbs.org/video/ai-researcher-jacob-coxon-warns-what-may-lie-ahead-1789684475/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"format":"Resignation / public debate","companyId":"anthropic"},{"id":"openai-navier-stokes","date":"2026-09-08","category":"research","title":"OpenAI publishes a Navier–Stokes proof","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI research team","Levent Alpöge (concurrent forced-Euler work)","Tristan Buckmaster (concurrent forced-Euler work)"],"summary":"OpenAI publishes an analytical proof and Lean formalization of finite-time blowup for smooth, externally forced three-dimensional Navier–Stokes flow, presenting it as a resolution of Clay’s alternatives C and D.","significance":"The announcement concerns a specific forced case. It also reports unforced Euler blowup. Alpöge and Buckmaster’s concurrent Anthropic-assisted work concerns forced Euler, a distinct result; no Millennium Prize award is asserted here.","sources":[{"label":"OpenAI announcement, proof and Lean links","url":"https://openai.com/index/navier-stokes-solution/"},{"label":"Official problem formulation","url":"https://www.claymath.org/millennium/navier-stokes-equation/"},{"label":"Independent scientific reporting","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-02842-5"}],"precision":"day","related":["openai-ten-math-advances","openai-unit-distance","dario-pace-frontier"],"milestone":false,"format":"Published proof claim","companyId":"openai","companyIds":["openai"]},{"id":"iphone-duo","date":"2026-09-09","category":"tools","title":"Apple unveils the foldable iPhone Duo","organization":"Apple","people":["John Ternus"],"summary":"Apple announces its first foldable iPhone, with outer and inner displays and a redesigned iOS experience. Pre-orders are planned for October 16 and availability for October 23, 2026.","significance":"A new hardware format extends the iPhone beyond its traditional slab design. The September announcement is distinct from the later planned sale date.","sources":[{"label":"apple.com","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2026/09/apple-unveils-iphone-duo/"}],"precision":"day","related":["iphone-original","ipad-original","iphone-x","apple-intelligence"],"milestone":false,"format":"Platform milestone","status":"announced","companyId":"apple","companyIds":["apple"]},{"id":"claude-distillation-sep","date":"2026-09-10","category":"impact","title":"Anthropic expands its Claude distillation allegations","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Anthropic threat intelligence team"],"summary":"Anthropic’s September threat report says it disrupted additional Claude distillation campaigns from seven China-based labs. It attributes more than 151 million exchanges between May and July to Alibaba and describes campaigns involving Moonshot AI and DeepSeek.","significance":"Connects model competition to the provenance of training data and customer requests. The account, attribution and exchange counts are Anthropic’s findings. This is the report’s publication date; the reported activity occurred earlier.","sources":[{"label":"Anthropic September threat report","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/threat-intelligence-report-september-2026?page=1"},{"label":"September 10 publication reporting","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/10/anthropic-details-distillation-campaigns-from-alibaba-moonshot-ai-and-deepseek/"}],"precision":"day","related":["claude-distillation-feb","qwen3","kimi-k2-report","deepseek-r1","openai-huggingface-incident"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic","companyIds":["anthropic","alibaba","moonshot","deepseek"],"format":"Company allegations"},{"id":"dario-pace-frontier","date":"2026-09-12","category":"research","title":"We Must Pace the Frontier","organization":"Dario Amodei","people":["Dario Amodei","Sam Altman","Elon Musk"],"summary":"Amodei publishes a proposal to slow frontier capability gains while safety work catches up. Altman publicly agrees and says OpenAI will also give independent evaluators employee-like access; Musk posts his support.","significance":"Anthropic commits to embedded external evaluation. Broader coordination remains a proposal; public agreement does not establish a binding industry-wide slowdown.","sources":[{"label":"Dario’s original essay","url":"https://darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier"},{"label":"Sam Altman’s response","url":"https://x.com/sama/status/2098811563415150910"},{"label":"Elon Musk’s response","url":"https://x.com/elonmusk/status/2098789109980332057"},{"label":"Response chronology and linked posts","url":"https://cellcog.ai/blog/we-must-pace-the-frontier/"}],"precision":"day","related":["jacob-coxon-resigns","machines-loving-grace","adolescence-technology"],"milestone":false,"format":"Essay / commentary","companyId":"anthropic","companyIds":["anthropic","openai","xai"]},{"id":"jev","date":"2026-09-15","category":"models","title":"TypeSafe introduces System One + Jev","organization":"TypeSafe AI","people":["TypeSafe AI team"],"summary":"TypeSafe introduces Jev, a System One model for fast, structured decisions that software can consume.","significance":"A specialized approach to programmable decisions alongside general-purpose language models.","sources":[{"label":"typesafe.ai","url":"https://typesafe.ai/blog/introducing-system-one-models-and-jev"}],"precision":"day","related":["gpt3","muse","openclaw"],"milestone":true,"companyId":"typesafe"},{"id":"anthropic-wetlab","date":"2026-09-18","category":"research","title":"Anthropic confirms a biology wet lab","organization":"Anthropic","people":["Eric Kauderer-Abrams","Anthropic life sciences team"],"summary":"Reuters reports Anthropic is operating a Bay Area lab for physical biology experiments, confirmed by its head of life sciences.","significance":"This is the public disclosure date, not a verified opening day. Anthropic describes automation as early-stage and says the lab is not specifically for drug discovery.","sources":[{"label":"investing.com","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/exclusiveanthropic-quietly-sets-up-biology-lab-as-it-ramps-ai-drug-program-4906956"}],"precision":"day","related":["machines-loving-grace","dario-pace-frontier"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anthropic","format":"Research facility disclosure"},{"id":"a16z-academy","date":"2026-09-22","category":"impact","title":"a16z announces the Horowitz Andreessen Academy","organization":"Andreessen Horowitz","people":["Ben Horowitz","Gagan Biyani","Erik Torenberg"],"summary":"a16z introduces a private, full-time school in San Francisco for students coming out of high school, built around personal projects, courses and work experience. Its first fellowship is planned for September 2027.","significance":"An AI-era education initiative connects young builders with technology companies. This milestone records the announcement, not the opening of an operating campus.","sources":[{"label":"a16z announcement · September 22, 2026","url":"https://a16z.com/announcement/incubating-horowitz-andreessen-academy/"},{"label":"Academy overview and planned first class","url":"https://jobs.a16z.com/company/haa"},{"label":"Official Academy website","url":"https://www.theacademysf.com/"},{"label":"Ben Horowitz, Gagan Biyani and Erik Torenberg discuss the launch","url":"https://a16z.com/podcast/why-a16z-is-building-a-new-school-for-the-ai-era-ben-horowitz/"}],"precision":"day","related":["a16z-founded","chatgpt","copilot"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"a16z","companyIds":["a16z"],"format":"Education announcement","status":"announced"},{"id":"gpt6-sol-luna","date":"2026-09-22","category":"models","title":"GPT-6 Sol and Luna launch","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI model team"],"summary":"OpenAI expands the GPT-6 family with Sol and Luna, emphasizing coding, computer use and lower-cost deployment.","significance":"Frontier capabilities spread into faster, more affordable models; performance comparisons are company-reported evaluations.","sources":[{"label":"Original model announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-6-sol-and-luna/"},{"label":"Official publication-date index","url":"https://openai.com/news/research/"}],"precision":"day","related":["gpt6-astra","gpt61-sol"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"sora-api-end","date":"2026-09-24","category":"impact","title":"Sora API sunset date","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI"],"summary":"OpenAI’s discontinuation notice sets September 24 as the Sora API end date.","significance":"The API lifecycle is recorded separately from the earlier app shutdown.","sources":[{"label":"help.openai.com","url":"https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001152-what-to-know-about-the-sora-discontinuation"}],"precision":"day","related":["sora-shutdown"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"worldlabs-amd","date":"2026-09-28","category":"impact","title":"World Labs agrees to join AMD","organization":"World Labs","people":["Fei-Fei Li","Lisa Su"],"summary":"World Labs signs a definitive agreement to join AMD, subject to regulatory approval and closing conditions.","significance":"An announced acquisition linking world-model research and compute hardware; expected closing is later in 2026.","sources":[{"label":"worldlabs.ai","url":"https://www.worldlabs.ai/blog/amd-announcement"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"companyId":"worldlabs","companyIds":["worldlabs","amd"],"milestone":false},{"id":"openai-dots","date":"2026-09-29","category":"tools","title":"OpenAI introduces dots","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces always-on agents with cloud computers and connected-app context.","significance":"Persistent assistants become a distinct product milestone alongside more capable models.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-dots/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"icon":{"src":"./assets/logos/dots-iggy.png","alt":"Iggy, an OpenAI dots character"},"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"modretro-codex","date":"2026-09-29","category":"tools","title":"ModRetro × Codex: Chromatic at DevDay","organization":"ModRetro","people":["Palmer Luckey","OpenAI Codex team","ModRetro team"],"summary":"The DevDay collaboration connects Codex game creation with ModRetro Chromatic and playable Game Boy Color games.","significance":"AI-assisted development reaches software that runs on dedicated handheld hardware.","sources":[{"label":"learn.chatgpt.com","url":"https://learn.chatgpt.com/modretro"}],"precision":"day","related":["codex-app"],"companyId":"modretro","companyIds":["modretro","openai"],"milestone":false},{"id":"trump-superintelligence","date":"2026-09-29","category":"impact","title":"Trump orders “Super Intelligence” terminology","organization":"US government","people":["Donald Trump"],"summary":"An executive order directs the executive branch to use Super Intelligence terminology in specified official communications and policy materials.","significance":"A policy and language milestone; the order does not establish that technical superintelligence has been achieved.","sources":[{"label":"whitehouse.gov","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2026/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-inaugurates-the-era-of-super-intelligence/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false},{"id":"gpt61-sol","date":"2026-09-29","category":"models","title":"GPT-6.1 Sol launches at DevDay","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI model team"],"summary":"OpenAI introduces GPT-6.1 Sol for agentic coding, computer use and professional work in ChatGPT Work, Codex and the API.","significance":"A major agent-model release following Astra and GPT-6 Sol/Luna. Benchmark claims describe OpenAI’s evaluations, rather than universal task performance.","sources":[{"label":"Model launch","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-6-1-sol/"},{"label":"Official publication-date index","url":"https://openai.com/news/research/"}],"precision":"day","related":["gpt6-astra","gpt6-sol-luna","modretro-codex"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai"},{"id":"underdog-introduction","date":"2026-10-02","category":"tools","title":"Underdog AI launches","organization":"Underdog AI","people":["Sigil Wen"],"summary":"Sigil Wen introduces Underdog, a personal AI assistant for devices people already own, and announces its investors.","significance":"Connects efficient local models to personal context and everyday assistance. The launch is documented by the founder’s October 2 post on X.","sources":[{"label":"Official Underdog AI account","url":"https://x.com/UnderdogAI"},{"label":"Founder launch and named backers","url":"https://x.com/0xSigil/status/2106067365733790032"}],"precision":"day","related":["ghost-core","llamacpp","ollama-docker","openclaw"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"underdog","format":"Product announcement"},{"id":"chatgpt-1-2b-weekly","date":"2026-10-05","category":"impact","title":"ChatGPT reaches 1.2B weekly users","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI team"],"summary":"OpenAI reports that ChatGPT reaches 1.2 billion people each week.","significance":"A later company disclosure showing continued growth; disclosure date is not an exact threshold-crossing date.","sources":[{"label":"openai.com","url":"https://openai.com/index/new-chatgpt-ads-format-and-measurement/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","format":"Adoption milestone"},{"id":"ghost-core","date":"2026-10-05","category":"tools","title":"Ghost unveils Core, a personal AI computer","organization":"Ghost","people":["Zain Javaid","Nicholas Chua","Yifei Chen","Gautam Sharda"],"summary":"Ghost opens orders for Core, a $3,499 computer designed to run personal AI models and agents locally, with context from connected apps, files and devices.","significance":"Connects locally run models and dedicated hardware to an always-on personal assistant. This is an announcement and order-opening milestone, not confirmation of customer deliveries. Ghost’s privacy policy distinguishes local AI and memory from online services that transmit task information.","sources":[{"label":"Core product and specifications","url":"https://ghost.ai/"},{"label":"Founder announcement","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/zainmfj_we-raised-11-million-from-andreessen-horowitz-ugcPost-7512916877170585600-Lehx"},{"label":"Launch date reporting","url":"https://siliconangle.com/2026/10/05/ai-agent-hardware-startup-ghost-led-by-its-19-year-old-founder-raises-11m/"},{"label":"Privacy and online-service scope","url":"https://ghost.ai/privacy"}],"precision":"day","related":["underdog-introduction","llamacpp","ollama-docker","openclaw","mac-mini-openclaw-shortage"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"ghost","format":"Product announcement"},{"id":"anduril-arsenal2","date":"2026-10-06","category":"impact","title":"Anduril announces Arsenal-2 shipyard","organization":"Anduril / U.S. Navy","people":["Palmer Luckey","Brian Schimpf","Donald Trump"],"summary":"Anduril announces a planned software-defined shipyard at Sparrows Point, Maryland, to make Virginia-class submarine components and assemblies. Initial operations are expected in 2030.","significance":"The announced $3.7B private investment and Navy contract of up to $2.9B concern industrial capacity, not venture financing. ArsenalOS is planned to coordinate production, inspection and material movement.","sources":[{"label":"anduril.com","url":"https://www.anduril.com/news/anduril-u-s-navy-invest-usd6-6-billion-to-expand-america-s-submarine-industrial-base"}],"precision":"day","related":["anduril-founded","palantir-aip"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"anduril","companyIds":["anduril"],"status":"announced","format":"Industrial infrastructure announcement"},{"id":"hark-pro","date":"2026-10-06","category":"tools","title":"Hark Labs launches Hark Pro","organization":"Hark Labs","people":["Brett Adcock","Hark team"],"summary":"Hark introduces a personal AI product combining memory, a cloud computer, connected services, and app-based interfaces.","significance":"The company’s personal-intelligence software becomes publicly usable ahead of its planned hardware.","sources":[{"label":"hark.com","url":"https://hark.com/articles/introducing-hark-pro"}],"precision":"day","related":["muse","openai-dots","grok-bot"],"milestone":false,"format":"Product launch","companyId":"hark"},{"id":"openai-math-repository","date":"2026-10-06","category":"research","title":"OpenAI shares a mathematics results archive","organization":"OpenAI","people":["OpenAI research team"],"summary":"OpenAI publishes new model-produced mathematical results and a public repository, including Lean formalizations for many proofs and details of its research process.","significance":"A broader scientific release after the August results and September Navier–Stokes proof claim. The repository supports inspection and revision; publication does not establish independent acceptance of every result.","sources":[{"label":"Research announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/sharing-ai-progress-in-mathematics/"},{"label":"Public mathematics repository","url":"https://github.com/openai/math"}],"precision":"day","related":["openai-navier-stokes","openai-ten-math-advances"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"openai","format":"Research publication"},{"id":"muse-wonder","date":"2026-10-12","category":"models","title":"Meta releases Muse Wonder + Muse Wonder Full","organization":"Meta","people":["Meta Superintelligence Labs team"],"summary":"Meta introduces Muse Wonder and Muse Wonder Full for personal and professional agent tasks. Wonder launches through the Meta Model API and Muse Code; Full launches for Muse Code subscribers.","significance":"Meta describes the family as frontier models. The model release is separate from September’s Muse agent launch.","sources":[{"label":"about.fb.com","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2026/10/introducing-muse-wonder-models/"}],"precision":"day","related":["muse","wang-meta-ai"],"milestone":false,"companyId":"meta","companyIds":["meta"]},{"id":"gemini4-argon","date":"2026-10-13","category":"models","title":"Gemini 4 Argon becomes globally available","organization":"Google DeepMind","people":["Koray Kavukcuoglu","Google DeepMind team"],"summary":"Google expands Gemini 4 Argon access through its API and selected paid products for demanding coding, science and agent tasks.","significance":"A frontier-model release with availability differing across subscriptions and developer products.","sources":[{"label":"blog.google","url":"https://blog.google/intl/en-mena/product-updates/explore-get-answers/gemini-4-argon-built-to-solve-your-hardest-problems/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"google","format":"Model release"},{"id":"xbox-labs","date":"2026-10-13","category":"labs","title":"Xbox announces Xbox Labs","organization":"Xbox","people":["Xbox Labs team","Asha (announcement author)"],"summary":"Xbox announces a group of game makers, engineers and scientists exploring emerging technologies, including agents for game creation.","significance":"Games become another setting for agents that write, run and test software.","sources":[{"label":"news.xbox.com","url":"https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2026/10/13/introducing-xbox-labs/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"xboxlabs","companyIds":["xboxlabs","microsoft"]},{"id":"tesla-roadster-2026","date":"2026-10-15","category":"tools","title":"Tesla Roadster reveal scheduled","organization":"Tesla","people":["Elon Musk","Tesla team"],"summary":"The new Roadster reveal is scheduled for October 15 following a weather-related delay.","significance":"Schedule verified on the morning of October 15; the reveal has not been recorded here as completed. Specifications and delivery remain unconfirmed.","sources":[{"label":"caranddriver.com","url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a73722287/tesla-roadster-reveal-date/"}],"precision":"day","related":[],"milestone":false,"companyId":"tesla","format":"Scheduled reveal","status":"scheduled"}],"companies":[{"id":"openai","name":"OpenAI","website":"https://openai.com","founded":"2015","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Frontier models · agents · multimodal AI","founders":["Sam Altman","Greg Brockman","Ilya Sutskever","Elon Musk","Wojciech Zaremba","John Schulman"],"description":"The research and product company behind GPT, ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora, and Codex.","lineage":"Its alumni helped form Anthropic, Safe Superintelligence, Thinking Machines Lab, and TypeSafe AI. Founder names shown here are selected co-founders, not the entire founding team.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2024-10-02","amount":6600000000,"leads":["Thrive Capital"],"investors":["Microsoft","NVIDIA","SoftBank","Khosla Ventures","Altimeter Capital","Fidelity","MGX"],"source":"https://openai.com/index/scale-the-benefits-of-ai/"},{"name":"Funding commitment","date":"2025-03-31","amount":40000000000,"leads":["SoftBank"],"investors":[],"source":"https://openai.com/index/march-funding-updates/","note":"Announced funding commitment; timing and conditions are described in the announcement."},{"name":"Funding round · final close","date":"2026-03-31","amount":122000000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Amazon","NVIDIA","SoftBank","Microsoft","a16z","D. E. Shaw Ventures","MGX","TPG","T. Rowe Price","Thrive Capital","ARK Invest"],"source":"https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/","note":"Committed capital at final close. Replaces the $110B initial announcement; the initial and final figures are not added together."}],"sources":[{"label":"Original announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai/"},{"label":"Company offices and careers","url":"https://openai.com/careers/"}]},{"id":"anthropic","name":"Anthropic","website":"https://www.anthropic.com","founded":"2021","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Frontier models · AI safety · coding agents","founders":["Dario Amodei","Daniela Amodei","Jack Clark","Jared Kaplan","Sam McCandlish","Tom Brown","Chris Olah"],"description":"An AI research and product company building Claude and tools for coding, work, and computer use.","lineage":"Founded by former OpenAI team members. Its launch announcement identifies the founding group and their research focus.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2021-05-28","amount":124000000,"leads":["Jaan Tallinn"],"investors":["James McClave","Dustin Moskovitz","Center for Emerging Risk Research","Eric Schmidt"],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-raises-124-million-to-build-more-reliable-general-ai-systems"},{"name":"Series B","date":"2022-04-29","amount":580000000,"leads":["Sam Bankman-Fried"],"investors":["Caroline Ellison","Jim McClave","Nishad Singh","Jaan Tallinn","Center for Emerging Risk Research"],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-raises-series-b-to-build-safe-reliable-ai"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2023-05-23","amount":450000000,"leads":["Spark Capital"],"investors":["Google","Salesforce Ventures","Sound Ventures","Zoom Ventures"],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-series-c"},{"name":"Series E","date":"2025-03-03","amount":3500000000,"leads":["Lightspeed Venture Partners"],"investors":["Bessemer Venture Partners","Cisco Investments","D1 Capital Partners","Fidelity","General Catalyst","Jane Street","Menlo Ventures","Salesforce Ventures"],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-raises-series-e-at-usd61-5b-post-money-valuation"},{"name":"Series F","date":"2025-09-02","amount":13000000000,"leads":["ICONIQ","Fidelity Management & Research Company","Lightspeed Venture Partners"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-raises-series-f-at-usd183b-post-money-valuation"},{"name":"Series G","date":"2026-02-12","amount":30000000000,"leads":["GIC","Coatue","D. E. Shaw Ventures","Dragoneer","Founders Fund","ICONIQ","MGX"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-raises-30-billion-series-g-funding-380-billion-post-money-valuation"},{"name":"Series H","date":"2026-05-28","amount":65000000000,"leads":["Altimeter Capital","Dragoneer","Greenoaks","Sequoia Capital","Capital Group","Coatue","D1 Capital Partners","GIC","ICONIQ","XN"],"investors":["AMP PBC","Baillie Gifford","Blackstone","Brookfield","D. E. Shaw Ventures","DST Global","Fidelity Management & Research Company","General Catalyst","Insight Partners","Jane Street","Lightspeed Venture Partners","MGX","NTTVC","NX1 Capital","Situational Awareness LP","T. Rowe Price Associates","T. Rowe Price Investment Management","Temasek","Amazon"],"source":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/series-h","note":"Includes $15B of previously committed hyperscaler investments, including $5B from Amazon. Those commitments are not added as separate rounds here."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company and leadership","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/company"},{"label":"Founding team announcement","url":"https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-raises-124-million-to-build-more-reliable-general-ai-systems"}]},{"id":"google","name":"Google DeepMind","website":"https://deepmind.google","founded":"2010 · combined organization 2023","hq":"London, UK","category":"Research lab · frontier models · scientific AI","founders":["Demis Hassabis","Shane Legg","Mustafa Suleyman"],"description":"The research organization behind AlphaGo, AlphaFold, Gemini, and other general-purpose AI systems.","lineage":"DeepMind began in London in 2010. Google Brain and DeepMind combined in 2023. The profile distinguishes DeepMind’s founders from the broader combined organization.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"About Google DeepMind","url":"https://deepmind.google/about/"},{"label":"The combined organization","url":"https://deepmind.google/blog/announcing-google-deepmind/"}]},{"id":"meta","employees":{"value":"78,865 · December 31, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-31","scope":"Meta worldwide","note":"Company-wide employees across Meta, not an AI-team count. Historical disclosure; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Dated annual report · employee disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm"}},"name":"Meta","website":"https://www.meta.com","founded":"2004 · Facebook AI Research established 2013","hq":"Menlo Park, US","category":"Social networks · AI models · personal agents","founders":["Mark Zuckerberg","Facebook founding team"],"description":"The social technology and AI company behind Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Llama, Meta AI and Muse.","lineage":"Began as Facebook in 2004 and introduced the Meta company brand in 2021. FAIR began in 2013. Instagram and WhatsApp have their own product origins and acquisition histories. Muse the agent is distinct from the Muse model family.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Annual report · dated employee disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm"},{"label":"Meta AI","url":"https://ai.meta.com/"},{"label":"Muse announcement","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2026/09/introducing-muse-personal-ai-agent/"},{"label":"Facebook and app history","url":"https://www.meta.com/about/company-info/"},{"label":"Meta company brand announcement","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta/"}]},{"id":"typesafe","name":"TypeSafe AI","website":"https://typesafe.ai","founded":"2024","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Decision models · developer infrastructure","founders":["Diogo Almeida","Sasha Sheng","Erik Gafni"],"description":"The company behind Jev and System One models, designed to turn application context into typed decisions.","lineage":"Almeida previously worked on instruction-following research at OpenAI and at Google Brain. Sheng came from Meta/FAIR; Gafni is a repeat founder.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A · “Series AI”","date":"2026-10-09","amount":870000000,"leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","DCVC"],"source":"https://typesafe.ai/blog/series-ai","note":"Additional angel investors are not named individually in the announcement. Martin Casado joins the board."},{"name":"Seed","date":"2026-09-15","amount":40000000,"leads":["DCVC"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260915525333/en/"}],"sources":[{"label":"Founders and San Francisco office","url":"https://typesafe.ai/team"},{"label":"System One and Jev launch","url":"https://typesafe.ai/blog/introducing-system-one-models-and-jev"},{"label":"Founding and seed funding disclosure","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260915525333/en/"}]},{"id":"granola","name":"Granola","website":"https://www.granola.ai","founded":"2023","hq":"London, UK","category":"Meeting intelligence · workplace memory","founders":["Chris Pedregal","Sam Stephenson"],"description":"An AI notepad that combines the notes people write with meeting transcripts and conversational context.","lineage":"Launched publicly in May 2024, then expanded into shared team context, Recipes, and integrations.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2024-10-23","amount":20000000,"leads":["Spark Capital"],"investors":["AI Grant","Lightspeed Venture Partners","Betaworks","Firstminute Capital"],"source":"https://www.granola.ai/blog/series-a"},{"name":"Series B","date":"2025-05-14","amount":43000000,"leads":["NFDG · Nat Friedman & Daniel Gross"],"investors":["Lightspeed Venture Partners","Spark Capital"],"source":"https://www.granola.ai/blog/two-dot-zero"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2026-03-25","amount":125000000,"leads":["Index Ventures"],"investors":["Kleiner Perkins","Lightspeed Venture Partners","Spark Capital","NFDG"],"source":"https://www.granola.ai/blog/series-c"}],"sources":[{"label":"Founding and launch","url":"https://www.granola.ai/blog/announcement"},{"label":"Company history","url":"https://www.granola.ai/blog/series-a"}]},{"id":"wispr","name":"Wispr Flow","website":"https://wisprflow.ai","founded":"2021","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Voice interfaces · dictation · productivity","founders":["Tanay Kothari","Sahaj Garg"],"description":"AI-assisted voice input designed to work across applications and devices.","lineage":"Wispr’s earlier work on voice interfaces developed into Flow, its software dictation product.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2025-06-23","amount":30000000,"leads":["Menlo Ventures"],"investors":["NEA","8VC","Evan Sharp","Henry Ward"],"source":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/wisprflow_we-just-raised-a-30m-series-a-full-activity-7343322633192513536-QMt7"},{"name":"Series A extension","date":"2025-11-20","amount":25000000,"leads":["Notable Capital"],"investors":["Flight Fund"],"source":"https://wisprflow.ai/new-funding","note":"Company reported $81M total funding at this date; earlier rounds are not fully itemized here."},{"name":"Series B","date":"2026-08-17","amount":280000000,"leads":["Menlo Ventures","Notable Capital"],"investors":[],"source":"https://wisprflow.ai/post/series-b"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company and founders","url":"https://wisprflow.ai/media-kit"},{"label":"Product history","url":"https://wisprflow.ai/about"}]},{"id":"cursor","name":"Cursor","website":"https://cursor.com","founded":"2022","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"AI coding · software agents","founders":["Michael Truell","Sualeh Asif","Arvid Lunnemark","Aman Sanger"],"description":"An AI-native code editor and agent environment developed by Anysphere.","employees":{"value":"300+ · November 2025","note":"Historical company disclosure, not a verified current headcount."},"lineage":"Cursor announced its completed acquisition by SpaceX on August 14, 2026, following their April partnership. Earlier financing remains part of its historical record.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2024-08-22","amount":60000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Thrive Capital","OpenAI","Jeff Dean","Noam Brown"],"source":"https://cursor.com/blog/series-a","note":"The announcement also mentions founders of Stripe, GitHub, Ramp, Perplexity, and OpenAI without listing every name."},{"name":"Series B","date":"2025-01-16","amount":105000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Thrive Capital","Andreessen Horowitz","Benchmark"],"source":"https://cursor.com/blog/series-b"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-06-06","amount":900000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Thrive Capital","Accel","Andreessen Horowitz","DST Global"],"source":"https://cursor.com/blog/series-c"},{"name":"Series D","date":"2025-11-13","amount":2300000000,"leads":["Accel","Coatue"],"investors":["Thrive Capital","Andreessen Horowitz","NVIDIA","Google"],"source":"https://cursor.com/blog/series-d","note":"Co-lead attribution corroborated by Accel’s investment announcement."}],"sources":[{"label":"Completed SpaceX acquisition","url":"https://cursor.com/blog/joining-spacex"},{"label":"Team and company","url":"https://cursor.com/about"},{"label":"Historical headcount","url":"https://cursor.com/blog/series-d"},{"label":"Series D lead investor","url":"https://www.accel.com/news/our-series-d-in-cursor-pushing-the-frontier-of-ai-forward"}]},{"id":"mistral","name":"Mistral AI","website":"https://mistral.ai","founded":"2023","hq":"Paris, France","category":"Open-weight models · enterprise AI · sovereign AI","founders":["Arthur Mensch","Guillaume Lample","Timothée Lacroix"],"description":"A European AI company developing language models and enterprise tools, including Le Chat.","lineage":"Its founders came from Google DeepMind and Meta. The archive records model releases separately from funding rounds.","rounds":[{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-09-09","amount":1700000000,"leads":["ASML"],"investors":["DST Global","Andreessen Horowitz","Bpifrance","General Catalyst","Index Ventures","Lightspeed Venture Partners","NVIDIA"],"source":"https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-ai-raises-1-7-b-to-accelerate-technological-progress-with-ai","currency":"EUR"},{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-09-08","amount":3000000000,"leads":["Samsung Electronics"],"investors":[],"source":"https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-makes-sovereign-open-weight-ai-to-frontier","currency":"EUR","note":"Post-money valuation above €21B. Remaining participant names are not specified in this announcement."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://mistral.ai/about"},{"label":"Series C and strategic partnership","url":"https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2025/asml-mistral-ai-enter-strategic-partnership"}]},{"id":"elevenlabs","name":"ElevenLabs","website":"https://elevenlabs.io","founded":"2022","hq":"London / New York","hqNote":"Company describes multiple hubs; no single current HQ designation is asserted.","category":"Voice models · audio generation · voice agents","founders":["Mati Staniszewski","Piotr Dąbkowski"],"description":"An audio AI company building speech generation, dubbing, transcription, sound effects, and conversational agents.","employees":{"value":"120 · January 2025","note":"Historical company disclosure. More recent exact headcount remains unverified."},"lineage":"The platform launched publicly in January 2023 after a year of audio-model development.","totalFunding":{"display":"$781M","note":"Reported by the company on February 4, 2026, across five rounds. Later employee share sales are not new company funding.","source":{"label":"Reported funding total","url":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/series-d"}},"rounds":[{"name":"Pre-seed","date":"2023-01-23","amount":2000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Credo Ventures"],"source":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/elevenlabs-raises-2m-pre-seed-and-announces-ai-speech-platform-promising-to-revolutionize-audio-storytelling"},{"name":"Series A","date":"2023-06-20","amount":19000000,"leads":["Nat Friedman","Daniel Gross","Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":[],"source":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/elevenlabs-launches-new-generative-voice-ai-products-and-announces-19m-series-a-round-led-by-nat-friedman-daniel-gross-and-andreessen-horowitz"},{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-01-22","amount":80000000,"leads":["Andreessen Horowitz","Nat Friedman","Daniel Gross"],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","SV Angel","Smash Capital","BroadLight Capital","Credo Ventures"],"source":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/series-b"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-01-30","amount":180000000,"leads":["Andreessen Horowitz","ICONIQ Growth"],"investors":["NEA","World Innovation Lab","Valor","Endeavor Catalyst Fund","Lunate","Sequoia Capital","Salesforce Ventures","Smash Capital","SV Angel","NFDG","BroadLight Capital","Deutsche Telekom","LG Technology Ventures","HubSpot Ventures","NTT DOCOMO Ventures","RingCentral Ventures"],"source":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/series-c"},{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-02-04","amount":500000000,"leads":["Sequoia Capital"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","ICONIQ","Lightspeed Venture Partners","Evantic Capital","BOND","BroadLight","NFDG","Valor Capital","AMP Coalition","Smash Capital"],"source":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/series-d"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company story","url":"https://elevenlabs.io/about"},{"label":"Historical employees and hubs","url":"https://elevenlabs.io/blog/series-c"}]},{"id":"runway","name":"Runway","website":"https://runway.com","founded":"2018","hq":"New York, US","category":"Video generation · creative tools · world models","founders":["Cristóbal Valenzuela","Anastasis Germanidis","Alejandro Matamala"],"description":"An AI research and creative-tool company behind the Gen video-model family.","lineage":"Runway contributed to the early latent-diffusion ecosystem and later focused on video generation and world models.","rounds":[{"name":"Series E","date":"2026-02-10","amount":315000000,"leads":["General Atlantic"],"investors":["NVIDIA","Adobe Ventures","AllianceBernstein","AMD Ventures","Fidelity Management & Research Company","Mirae Asset","Emphatic Capital","Felicis","Premji Invest"],"source":"https://runway.com/news/runway-series-e-funding"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://runway.com/about"},{"label":"Funding announcement","url":"https://runway.com/news/runway-series-e-funding"}]},{"id":"lovable","name":"Lovable","website":"https://lovable.dev","founded":"2023 · product launch 2024","hq":"Stockholm, Sweden","category":"App building · AI coding · business software","founders":["Anton Osika","Fabian Hedin"],"description":"An AI software-building platform that turns natural-language ideas into applications.","lineage":"The project grew from the GPT Engineer ecosystem into Lovable, publicly launched in November 2024.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2025-12-18","amount":330000000,"leads":["CapitalG","Menlo Ventures Anthology"],"investors":[],"source":"https://lovable.dev/blog/series-b"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2026-08-12","amount":400000000,"leads":["Menlo Ventures","Scaleup Europe Fund / EQT"],"investors":["Balderton Capital","Carmignac","Kaszek Ventures","LTS Growth","Tencent","World Innovation Lab","Regent","Accel","Antler","CapitalG","DST Global","Evantic Capital","HubSpot Ventures","Salesforce Ventures"],"source":"https://lovable.dev/blog/series-c"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://lovable.dev/"},{"label":"Product history","url":"https://lovable.dev/blog/series-c"}]},{"id":"perplexity","name":"Perplexity","website":"https://www.perplexity.ai","founded":"2022","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"AI search · research · browsing","founders":["Aravind Srinivas","Denis Yarats","Johnny Ho","Andy Konwinski"],"description":"An AI answer engine that combines generated responses with web sources and research tools.","lineage":"Its early funding announcement dates the public product to late 2022. This profile does not treat an early reported funding total as current.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-01-04","amount":73600000,"leads":["IVP"],"investors":["NEA","Elad Gil","Nat Friedman","Databricks","NVIDIA","Bezos Expeditions","Tobi Lütke","Bessemer Venture Partners","Naval Ravikant","Balaji Srinivasan","Guillermo Rauch","Austen Allred","Factorial Funds","Kindred Ventures"],"source":"https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/perplexity-raises-series-b-funding-round"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://www.perplexity.ai/"},{"label":"Early product and financing","url":"https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/perplexity-raises-series-b-funding-round"}]},{"id":"cohere","name":"Cohere","website":"https://cohere.com","founded":"2019","hq":"Toronto, Canada","category":"Enterprise models · retrieval · sovereign AI","founders":["Aidan Gomez","Nick Frosst","Ivan Zhang"],"description":"An enterprise AI company developing language, embedding, and reranking models.","lineage":"Co-founder Aidan Gomez was an author of Attention Is All You Need.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2025-08-14","amount":500000000,"leads":["Radical Ventures","Inovia Capital"],"investors":["AMD Ventures","NVIDIA","PSP Investments","Salesforce Ventures","HOOPP"],"source":"https://cohere.com/blog/august-2025-funding-round"},{"name":"Second close · incremental capital","date":"2025-09-24","amount":100000000,"leads":[],"investors":[],"source":"https://cohere.com/blog/september-2025-funding-round","note":"An additional $100M, not a second recording of the whole August round."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://cohere.com/about"},{"label":"Funding","url":"https://cohere.com/blog/august-2025-funding-round"}]},{"id":"huggingface","name":"Hugging Face","website":"https://huggingface.co","founded":"2016","hq":"New York, US","category":"Open-source models · datasets · developer tools","founders":["Clément Delangue","Julien Chaumond","Thomas Wolf"],"description":"A platform for sharing machine-learning models, datasets, demos, and open-source software.","lineage":"Its Transformers library and model hub became key infrastructure for the open model community.","rounds":[{"name":"Series D","date":"2023-08-24","amount":235000000,"leads":["Salesforce Ventures"],"investors":["Google","Amazon","NVIDIA","AMD","Intel","Qualcomm Ventures","IBM","Sound Ventures"],"source":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/huggingface_super-excited-to-welcome-our-new-investors-activity-7100483456693846016-OoHj"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://huggingface.co/company"},{"label":"Transformers","url":"https://github.com/huggingface/transformers"}]},{"id":"ssi","name":"Safe Superintelligence","website":"https://ssi.inc","founded":"2024","hq":"Palo Alto / Tel Aviv","hqNote":"Founding announcement lists two locations.","category":"AI research · safe superintelligence","founders":["Ilya Sutskever","Daniel Gross","Daniel Levy"],"description":"A research company created with a singular focus on safe superintelligence.","lineage":"Announced after Sutskever’s departure from OpenAI. Founders listed reflect the founding announcement, not necessarily current leadership.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2024-09-04","amount":1000000000,"amountQualifier":">","leads":[],"investors":["NFDG","a16z","Sequoia","DST Global","SV Angel"],"source":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/04/ilya-sutskevers-startup-safe-super-intelligence-raises-1b/","note":"Partial funding history."}],"sources":[{"label":"Funding reporting · September 2024","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/04/ilya-sutskevers-startup-safe-super-intelligence-raises-1b/"},{"label":"Founding announcement","url":"https://ssi.inc/"}],"logoSrc":"./assets/logos/ssi-brand.png"},{"id":"thinkingmachines","name":"Thinking Machines Lab","website":"https://thinkingmachines.ai","founded":"2025","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"AI research · human–AI collaboration","founders":["Mira Murati","founding research team"],"description":"A research and product company founded by former OpenAI CTO Mira Murati.","lineage":"Its initial team included alumni of OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and other AI organizations. The archive distinguishes founders from employees.","rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2025-07","amount":2000000000,"leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["NVIDIA","Accel","ServiceNow","Cisco","AMD","Jane Street"],"source":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/15/mira-muratis-thinking-machines-lab-is-worth-12b-in-seed-round/","note":"Partial funding history."}],"sources":[{"label":"Seed reporting · July 2025","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/15/mira-muratis-thinking-machines-lab-is-worth-12b-in-seed-round/"},{"label":"Company","url":"https://thinkingmachines.ai/"},{"label":"Company news","url":"https://thinkingmachines.ai/news/"}]},{"id":"openclaw","name":"OpenClaw","website":"https://openclaw.ai","founded":"2025 · OpenClaw name adopted 2026","hq":null,"category":"Open-source personal agents","founders":["Peter Steinberger"],"description":"An open-source personal-agent project that connects models with tools and messaging interfaces.","lineage":"Earlier names included Clawd and Moltbot. This is a project profile; a venture-backed company structure or funding total is not assumed.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Project history","url":"https://openclaw.ai/blog"},{"label":"Source repository","url":"https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"}]},{"id":"ollama","name":"Ollama","website":"https://ollama.com","founded":"2023","hq":null,"category":"Local models · inference · developer tools","founders":["Jeffrey Morgan","Michael Chiang"],"description":"Tools for downloading and running language models on personal computers and other infrastructure.","lineage":"A prominent part of the local-model ecosystem that developed around accessible model weights.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official project","url":"https://github.com/ollama/ollama"},{"label":"Product history","url":"https://ollama.com/blog"}]},{"id":"langchain","name":"LangChain","website":"https://www.langchain.com","founded":"2022 · open-source project","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Agent frameworks · developer infrastructure","founders":["Harrison Chase"],"description":"Open-source frameworks and tools for building, observing, and evaluating model-powered applications.","lineage":"The original LangChain project launched in October 2022; LangGraph followed as a framework for stateful agent workflows.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2025-10-20","amount":125000000,"leads":["IVP"],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","Benchmark","Amplify Partners","CapitalG","Sapphire Ventures","ServiceNow Ventures","Workday Ventures","Cisco Investments","Datadog Ventures","Databricks Ventures","Frontline"],"source":"https://www.langchain.com/blog/series-b"}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://www.langchain.com/about"},{"label":"Product history","url":"https://www.langchain.com/blog/deep-agents-vs-langchain-vs-langgraph"}]},{"id":"notion","name":"Notion","website":"https://www.notion.com","founded":"2013","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Workplace software · knowledge · AI agents","founders":["Ivan Zhao","Simon Last"],"description":"A workspace for documents, databases, and knowledge, with integrated AI capabilities.","lineage":"Notion AI became generally available in February 2023, bringing generation and editing into an existing workspace.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2021-10","amount":275000000,"leads":["Coatue Management","Sequoia Capital"],"investors":["Base10 Partners"],"source":"https://www.forbes.com/newsletters/midas-touch/2021/10/11/how-vcs-got-into-notions-new-round-newarks-new-fund-and-a-womens-angel-investor-group-hits-a-milestone/","note":"Selected October 2021 funding reported by Forbes; this is not the full financing history."},{"name":"Private tender · employee shares","date":"2026-01-26","amount":270000000,"amountQualifier":"~","leads":[],"investors":["GIC","Sequoia Capital","Index Ventures"],"source":"https://www.notion.com/blog/gic-sequoia-index-purchase-notion-shares","includeInSubtotal":false,"capitalType":"secondary","note":"Around $270M purchased directly from current and former employees at an $11B valuation. This is secondary liquidity, not new primary funding; excluded from the subtotal."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://www.notion.com/about"},{"label":"Notion AI launch","url":"https://www.notion.com/blog/notion-ai-is-here-for-everyone"},{"label":"Forbes · October 2021 funding","url":"https://www.forbes.com/newsletters/midas-touch/2021/10/11/how-vcs-got-into-notions-new-round-newarks-new-fund-and-a-womens-angel-investor-group-hits-a-milestone/"},{"label":"Company · employee-share tender terms","url":"https://www.notion.com/blog/gic-sequoia-index-purchase-notion-shares"}]},{"id":"midjourney","fundingStatus":{"display":"Self-funded · community-backed","note":"The official website describes the lab as self-funded. This is a financing model, not a disclosed lifetime dollar total. Observed October 15, 2026.","source":{"label":"Official lab description and funding model","url":"https://www.midjourney.com/"}},"employees":{"value":"60 · website observed October 15, 2026","observedOn":"2026-10-15","scope":"Midjourney lab · company website claim","note":"The undated website describes a lab of 60 people; this is an observed company statement, not a dated audited employee census.","source":{"label":"Official lab description and staffing","url":"https://www.midjourney.com/"}},"name":"Midjourney","website":"https://www.midjourney.com","founded":"2021","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Image generation · creative research","founders":["David Holz"],"description":"An independent research lab known for its image-generation models and creative community.","lineage":"Its early product experience developed inside Discord before expanding to a web interface.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official lab description, funding model and staffing","url":"https://www.midjourney.com/"},{"label":"Official website and team","url":"https://www.midjourney.com/home"},{"label":"Model history","url":"https://docs.midjourney.com/hc/en-us/articles/32199405667853-Version"}]},{"id":"suno","name":"Suno","website":"https://suno.com","founded":"2022","hq":"Cambridge, Massachusetts, US","category":"Music generation · audio models","founders":["Mikey Shulman","Georg Kucsko","Martin Camacho","Keenan Freyberg"],"description":"A music-generation company building tools that create songs from prompts and other creative inputs.","lineage":"Its research includes Bark, an open-source text-to-audio model, alongside the Suno music products.","rounds":[{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-11-19","amount":250000000,"leads":["Menlo Ventures"],"investors":["NVentures","Hallwood Media","Lightspeed","Matrix"],"source":"https://suno.com/blog/series-c-announcement","note":"Post-money valuation $2.45B. Earlier financing is not itemized in this profile yet."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://suno.com/about"},{"label":"Company announcements","url":"https://suno.com/blog"}]},{"id":"udio","name":"Udio","website":"https://www.udio.com","founded":"2023","hq":"New York, US","category":"Music generation · creative tools","founders":["David Ding","Andrew Sanchez","Conor Durkan","Yaroslav Ganin","Charlie Nash"],"description":"A music-generation platform founded by former Google DeepMind researchers.","lineage":"Its founding team connects the product to prior research at Google DeepMind.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official company site","url":"https://www.udio.com/"},{"label":"Product announcements","url":"https://www.udio.com/blog"}]},{"id":"replit","name":"Replit","website":"https://replit.com","founded":"2016","hq":"Foster City, California, US","category":"Cloud development · app-building agents","founders":["Amjad Masad","Haya Odeh","Farhan Masud"],"description":"A software-development platform that expanded from a browser coding environment into AI-assisted application building.","lineage":"The Replit Agent rollout in September 2024 marked a major product shift.","rounds":[{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-09-10","amount":250000000,"leads":["Prysm Capital"],"investors":["Amex Ventures","Google AI Futures Fund","Y Combinator","Craft Ventures","a16z","Coatue","Paul Graham"],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/replit-closes-250-million-in-funding-to-build-on-customer-momentum-302551311.html","note":"Company release values Replit at $3B. Other unnamed investors participated; this profile does not yet itemize earlier or subsequent rounds."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://replit.com/about"},{"label":"Agent introduction","url":"https://replit.com/blog/introducing-replit-agent"}]},{"id":"stackblitz","name":"StackBlitz","website":"https://stackblitz.com","founded":"2017","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Browser development · AI app building","founders":["Eric Simons","Albert Pai"],"description":"The company behind WebContainers and Bolt.new, combining browser-based development with AI-generated applications.","lineage":"Bolt.new builds on StackBlitz’s existing browser execution infrastructure.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://stackblitz.com/"},{"label":"Bolt launch history","url":"https://blog.stackblitz.com/posts/bolt-100k-oss-fund/"}]},{"id":"vercel","name":"Vercel","website":"https://vercel.com","founded":"2015","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Web infrastructure · AI app building","founders":["Guillermo Rauch"],"description":"A web-development platform behind Next.js, the AI SDK, and the v0 software-building product.","lineage":"Originally named ZEIT. Its AI tooling builds on an existing web-deployment ecosystem.","rounds":[{"name":"Series F","date":"2025-09-30","amount":300000000,"leads":["Accel","GIC"],"investors":[],"source":"https://vercel.com/blog/series-f","note":"The separately announced approximately $300M tender is a share sale, not another $300M raised by the company."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company","url":"https://vercel.com/about"},{"label":"v0 updates","url":"https://vercel.com/blog/category/v0"}]},{"id":"deepseek","name":"DeepSeek","website":"https://www.deepseek.com","founded":"2023","hq":"Hangzhou, China","category":"Language models · reasoning · open weights","founders":["Liang Wenfeng"],"description":"An AI research company behind the DeepSeek model families and R1 reasoning models.","lineage":"Connected to Liang Wenfeng and High-Flyer. No independent venture funding total is assumed.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official model release","url":"https://deepseek.com/en/news/deepseek-r1/"},{"label":"Official models and research","url":"https://github.com/deepseek-ai"}]},{"id":"microsoft","employees":{"value":"Approximately 228,000 full-time · June 30, 2025","asOf":"2025-06-30","scope":"Microsoft worldwide","note":"Company-wide full-time employees, not an AI-team count. Historical disclosure; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Dated annual report · employee disclosure","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar25/index.html"}},"name":"Microsoft","website":"https://www.microsoft.com","founded":"1975","hq":"Redmond, Washington, US","category":"AI platforms · cloud · productivity · research","founders":["Bill Gates","Paul Allen"],"description":"A technology company whose AI work spans Microsoft Research, Azure AI, Copilot, and model development.","lineage":"A major investor and infrastructure partner to OpenAI; also the parent company of GitHub.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Annual report · dated employee disclosure","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar25/index.html"},{"label":"Company facts","url":"https://news.microsoft.com/facts-about-microsoft/"}]},{"id":"nvidia","employees":{"value":"Approximately 42,000 · January 25, 2026","asOf":"2026-01-25","scope":"NVIDIA worldwide","note":"Company-wide employees at fiscal year-end, not a count of AI researchers. Historical disclosure; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Dated workforce disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000021/nvda-20260125.htm"}},"name":"NVIDIA","website":"https://www.nvidia.com","founded":"1993","hq":"Santa Clara, California, US","category":"AI chips · accelerated computing · robotics","founders":["Jensen Huang","Chris Malachowsky","Curtis Priem"],"description":"A computing company whose GPUs and software ecosystem underpin much of modern AI training and inference.","lineage":"CUDA helped make GPU computing accessible to researchers beyond graphics.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Dated workforce disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000021/nvda-20260125.htm"},{"label":"Company","url":"https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/about-nvidia/"}]},{"id":"ibm","employees":{"value":"Approximately 264,300 · 2025","asOf":"2025","scope":"IBM and wholly owned subsidiaries","note":"Reported as 264.3 thousand. Excludes the separately reported less-than-wholly-owned subsidiary and complementary workforces. Historical disclosure; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Dated workforce disclosure","url":"https://www.ibm.com/responsibility/data-and-policies"}},"name":"IBM","website":"https://www.ibm.com","founded":"1911 · IBM name 1924","hq":"Armonk, New York, US","category":"AI research · enterprise AI · computing","founders":["Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company predecessors"],"description":"A computing company whose AI history includes Deep Blue, Watson, and enterprise research.","lineage":"Its AI work predates the current generative-model era by decades.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Dated workforce disclosure","url":"https://www.ibm.com/responsibility/data-and-policies"},{"label":"History","url":"https://www.ibm.com/history"}]},{"id":"stability","name":"Stability AI","website":"https://stability.ai","founded":"2019","hq":"London, UK","category":"Image generation · open models · creative AI","founders":["Emad Mostaque"],"description":"A generative AI company associated with the public Stable Diffusion release and other media models.","lineage":"Stable Diffusion arose from collaboration among multiple research and engineering teams; it is not attributed to one company alone.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2022-10-17","amount":101000000,"leads":["Coatue","Lightspeed Venture Partners","O’Shaughnessy Ventures"],"investors":[],"source":"https://stability.ai/news-updates/stability-ai-announces-101-million-in-funding-for-open-source-artificial-intelligence","note":"Company announcement identifies these three round leads. Later financing is not yet itemized in this profile."}],"sources":[{"label":"Public Stable Diffusion release","url":"https://stability.ai/news/stable-diffusion-public-release"},{"label":"Company","url":"https://stability.ai/"}]},{"id":"github","name":"GitHub","website":"https://github.com","founded":"2008","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Developer platform · AI coding","founders":["Tom Preston-Werner","Chris Wanstrath","PJ Hyett","Scott Chacon"],"description":"A developer platform and the home of GitHub Copilot, one of the early widely used AI coding products.","lineage":"Acquired by Microsoft in 2018. Copilot’s early preview used technology from OpenAI Codex.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Copilot introduction","url":"https://github.blog/news-insights/product-news/introducing-github-copilot-ai-pair-programmer/"}]},{"id":"apple","employees":{"value":"Approximately 166,000 full-time equivalent · September 27, 2025","asOf":"2025-09-27","scope":"Apple worldwide · full-time equivalent","note":"Corporate full-time-equivalent workforce, not an AI-team or contractor count. Historical disclosure; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Dated workforce disclosure","url":"https://s2.q4cdn.com/470004039/files/doc_financials/2025/ar/_10-K-2025-As-Filed.pdf"}},"name":"Apple","website":"https://www.apple.com","founded":"1976","hq":"Cupertino, California, US","category":"Personal devices · on-device AI · operating systems","founders":["Steve Jobs","Steve Wozniak","Ronald Wayne"],"description":"A technology company whose AI work spans Siri, on-device models, and Apple Intelligence.","lineage":"Apple Intelligence was announced in June 2024; the announcement date is separate from subsequent regional and device rollouts.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Dated workforce disclosure","url":"https://s2.q4cdn.com/470004039/files/doc_financials/2025/ar/_10-K-2025-As-Filed.pdf"},{"label":"Apple Intelligence announcement","url":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/"}]},{"id":"cognition","name":"Cognition","website":"https://cognition.com","founded":"Company history begins 2024","hq":null,"category":"Coding agents · software engineering","founders":["Scott Wu","Steven Hao","Walden Yan"],"description":"An AI company developing Devin, an agent for multi-step software engineering work.","lineage":"The September 2026 company history says Cognition started in 2024. Devin was introduced in March 2024. A legal incorporation date is not established by that statement.","rounds":[{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-05-27","amount":1000000000,"leads":["Lux Capital","General Catalyst","8VC"],"investors":["Founders Fund","Elad Gil","Alpha Wave","Definition Capital","Positive Sum","Avenir","Vitruvian","Bain Capital Ventures","Conversion Capital","137 Ventures","Soma Capital","Omri Casspi","Ribbit Capital","Atreides","Layer Global"],"source":"https://cognition.com/blog/series-d","note":"Announcement reports over $1B at a $26B valuation. Recorded amount is a lower bound; earlier rounds are not itemized.","amountQualifier":">"},{"name":"Series E","date":"2026-09-08","amount":2000000000,"leads":["Andreessen Horowitz","Accel","Founders Fund","General Catalyst","Avenir"],"investors":["Benchmark","Bessemer","Kleiner Perkins","Greylock","Lightspeed","Altimeter","Bond Capital","Meritech","Atreides","Valor","T. Rowe Price","Lux","8VC","D1","137 Ventures","DST","Positive Sum","HOF","Soma","BoxGroup","Battery","Ribbit","Swish","Stripes","Definition","Hanabi","Journey","Bain Capital Ventures","Layer Global","A* Capital","Alpha Wave","Alkeon","Diffusion"],"source":"https://cognition.com/blog/series-e","note":"Announcement reports over $2B at a $48B valuation. Investor names follow the company disclosure. Recorded amount is a lower bound.","amountQualifier":">"}],"sources":[{"label":"Series D announcement","url":"https://cognition.com/blog/series-d"},{"label":"Company history and Series E","url":"https://cognition.com/blog/series-e"},{"label":"Devin introduction","url":"https://cognition.com/blog/introducing-devin"}]},{"id":"adept","name":"Adept","website":"https://www.adept.ai","founded":"2022","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Action models · computer-using agents","founders":["David Luan","Niki Parmar","Ashish Vaswani"],"description":"An AI company founded to build models that carry out actions in software.","lineage":"Co-founders Parmar and Vaswani were authors of the Transformer paper. Later team and licensing arrangements must be distinguished from the original founding.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2023-03-14","amount":350000000,"leads":["General Catalyst","Spark Capital"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.adept.ai/blog/series-b/","note":"General Catalyst led; Spark Capital co-led. Other participants are not named in the company announcement. Earlier rounds are not itemized here yet."}],"sources":[{"label":"Original company introduction","url":"https://www.adept.ai/blog/introducing-adept/"}]},{"id":"inflection","employees":{"value":"About 35 · June 29, 2023","asOf":"2023-06-29","scope":"Inflection AI · historical employee count","note":"Reuters reporting before the 2024 leadership move to Microsoft; not a current staffing count.","source":{"label":"Reuters · June 2023 workforce and funding","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/inflection-ai-raises-13-billion-in-funding-from-microsoft-others-3116699"}},"name":"Inflection AI","website":"https://inflection.ai","founded":"2022","hq":"Palo Alto, California, US","category":"Conversational models · personal assistants","founders":["Mustafa Suleyman","Reid Hoffman","Karén Simonyan"],"description":"An AI company initially known for the Pi personal assistant.","lineage":"Suleyman co-founded DeepMind before Inflection. In 2024, he and Simonyan moved to Microsoft AI; that move is distinct from Inflection’s founding.","rounds":[{"name":"First funding round","date":"2022","amount":225000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Greylock","Microsoft","Reid Hoffman"],"source":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/inflection-ai-raises-13-billion-in-funding-from-microsoft-others-3116699","note":"Reuters describes this round as early 2022; no exact date is assumed."},{"name":"Funding · cash and cloud credit","date":"2023-06-29","amount":1300000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Microsoft","NVIDIA","Reid Hoffman","Bill Gates","Eric Schmidt"],"source":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/inflection-ai-raises-13-billion-in-funding-from-microsoft-others-3116699","capitalType":"cash-and-cloud-credit","note":"Reuters reports a mixture of cash and cloud credit. The cash component is not separately disclosed. These historical rounds do not establish current financing or ownership."}],"sources":[{"label":"Reuters · financing terms and dated staffing","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/inflection-ai-raises-13-billion-in-funding-from-microsoft-others-3116699"},{"label":"Founding announcement","url":"https://greylock.com/blog/a-new-paradigm-in-human-machine-interaction/"},{"label":"Microsoft AI leadership announcement","url":"https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/03/19/mustafa-suleyman-deepmind-and-inflection-co-founder-joins-microsoft-to-lead-copilot/"}]},{"id":"figure","name":"Figure","website":"https://www.figure.ai","founded":"2022","hq":"Sunnyvale, California, US","category":"Humanoid robotics · embodied AI","founders":["Brett Adcock"],"description":"A robotics company developing general-purpose humanoid systems.","lineage":"Its public hardware and AI demonstrations are recorded separately from descriptions of future commercial goals.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-02-29","amount":675000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Microsoft","OpenAI Startup Fund","NVIDIA","Bezos Expeditions","Parkway Venture Capital","Intel Capital","Align Ventures","ARK Invest"],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/figure-raises-675m-at-2-6b-valuation-and-signs-collaboration-agreement-with-openai-302074897.html","note":"Company release announces the round and an OpenAI collaboration. The investor roster may not be exhaustive."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company press releases","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/figure-raises-675m-at-2-6b-valuation-and-signs-collaboration-agreement-with-openai-302074897.html"},{"label":"Company","url":"https://www.figure.ai/"}]},{"id":"manus","name":"Manus","website":"https://manus.im","founded":"Public product 2025","hq":null,"category":"General-purpose agents · task automation","founders":["Xiao Hong","Ji Yichao"],"description":"An AI agent product for carrying out research, web, and software tasks.","lineage":"The public product gained attention in March 2025. This profile does not infer current ownership or a complete funding history from launch coverage.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Product and company","url":"https://manus.im/"},{"label":"Launch and business context","url":"https://stripe.com/customers/manus"}]},{"id":"xai","name":"xAI","website":"https://x.ai","founded":"2023","hq":null,"category":"Frontier models · assistants · voice","founders":["Elon Musk"],"description":"The AI research organization behind the Grok model family and assistant products.","lineage":"The profile follows xAI’s original research and product history. Its website reflects subsequent SpaceX branding; the original founding date is not a claim of unchanged corporate structure.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-05-26","amount":6000000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Valor Equity Partners","Vy Capital","Andreessen Horowitz","Sequoia Capital","Fidelity Management & Research Company","Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal","Kingdom Holding"],"source":"https://x.ai/news/series-b","note":"Named participants follow the company announcement; a lead investor is not specified. Selected rounds do not establish a complete funding history."},{"name":"Series C","date":"2024-12-23","amount":6000000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","BlackRock","Fidelity Management & Research Company","Kingdom Holding","Lightspeed Venture Partners","MGX","Morgan Stanley","Oman Investment Authority","Qatar Investment Authority","Sequoia Capital","Valor Equity Partners","Vy Capital","NVIDIA","AMD"],"source":"https://x.ai/news/series-c","note":"Named participants follow the company announcement; a lead investor is not specified. Selected rounds do not establish a complete funding history."},{"name":"Series E","date":"2026-01-06","amount":20000000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Valor Equity Partners","StepStone Group","Fidelity Management & Research Company","Qatar Investment Authority","MGX","Baron Capital Group","NVIDIA","Cisco Investments"],"source":"https://x.ai/news/series-e","note":"Named participants follow the company announcement; a lead investor is not specified. Selected rounds do not establish a complete funding history."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company and current organization","url":"https://x.ai/company"},{"label":"Original Grok announcement","url":"https://x.ai/news/grok"}]},{"id":"hp","name":"Hewlett-Packard","website":"https://www.hp.com","founded":"1939","hq":"Palo Alto, California, US","category":"Computing hardware · Silicon Valley history","founders":["Bill Hewlett","David Packard"],"description":"Bill Hewlett and David Packard form Hewlett-Packard, initially making electronic test equipment.","lineage":"Historical Hewlett-Packard roots. The 2015 separation created HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise; the 1939 origin is not a claim that today’s HPE was incorporated then.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/timeline/hist_30s.html"},{"label":"Company archives and later history","url":"https://www.hewlettpackardhistory.com/hewlett-packard-co-timeline/"},{"label":"HP Inc. 2025 Form 10-K · current-entity scope","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/47217/000004721725000071/hpq-20251031.htm"}],"publicCompany":true,"hqNote":"Principal executive offices of HP Inc. in its 2025 filing. The historical 1939 company later separated into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.","employees":{"value":"About 55,000 · FY 2025 report","asOf":"2025","scope":"HP Inc. worldwide employees","note":"Historical annual-report figure for HP Inc., excluding the separate Hewlett Packard Enterprise. No more precise observation date or current count is inferred.","source":{"label":"HP Inc. 2025 Form 10-K · current-entity scope","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/47217/000004721725000071/hpq-20251031.htm"}}},{"id":"fairchild","name":"Fairchild Semiconductor","website":"https://computerhistory.org/fairchildren/","founded":"1957","hq":null,"category":"Semiconductors · historical company","founders":["Robert Noyce","Gordon Moore","Julius Blank","Victor Grinich","Jean Hoerni","Eugene Kleiner","Jay Last","Sheldon Roberts"],"description":"Eight engineers leave Shockley’s laboratory to establish Fairchild Semiconductor with backing from Fairchild Camera and Instrument.","lineage":"Historical Fairchild Semiconductor, founded in 1957. Its spinouts are often called the Fairchildren. This profile does not describe the separate Fairchild Camera and Instrument parent or imply continued independent operations.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://computerhistory.org/fairchildren/"},{"label":"Founding and Silicon Valley spinouts","url":"https://computerhistory.org/blog/fairchild-and-the-fairchildren/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://computerhistory.org/fairchildren/"}}},{"id":"intel","name":"Intel","website":"https://www.intel.com","founded":"1968","hq":"Santa Clara, California, US","category":"Semiconductors · processors","founders":["Robert Noyce","Gordon Moore"],"description":"Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore incorporate the semiconductor venture that becomes Intel.","lineage":"Noyce and Moore came from Fairchild Semiconductor. Andy Grove was an early employee and later leader; he is not added to this founding pair.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/virtual-vault/articles/intels-founding.html"},{"label":"2025 Form 10-K · workforce scope and executive offices","url":"https://www.intc.com/filings-reports/all-sec-filings/content/0000050863-26-000011/intc-20251227.htm"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"85,100 · December 27, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-27","scope":"Intel workforce including Mobileye and other subsidiaries","note":"Consolidated employee headcount includes Mobileye and other subsidiaries, not only core Intel. Historical fiscal-year-end disclosure.","source":{"label":"2025 Form 10-K · workforce scope and executive offices","url":"https://www.intc.com/filings-reports/all-sec-filings/content/0000050863-26-000011/intc-20251227.htm"}}},{"id":"oracle","name":"Oracle","website":"https://www.oracle.com","founded":"1977","hq":null,"category":"Enterprise databases · cloud infrastructure","founders":["Larry Ellison","Bob Miner","Ed Oates"],"description":"Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates start the company originally named Software Development Laboratories, later Oracle.","lineage":"Names shown are selected founders or original contributors. The origin milestone is distinct from later ownership and product changes.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://investor.oracle.com/faq/default.aspx"},{"label":"Founders and company timeline","url":"https://www.oracle.com/corporate/"},{"label":"2026 Form 10-K · dated full-time workforce","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526277521/orcl-20260531.htm"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"About 141,000 full-time · May 31, 2026","asOf":"2026-05-31","scope":"Oracle worldwide full-time employees","note":"Full-time employee figure reported in the 2026 annual filing. Company-wide, not an AI-team count; subsequent staffing changes are not inferred.","source":{"label":"2026 Form 10-K · dated full-time workforce","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526277521/orcl-20260531.htm"}}},{"id":"dell","name":"Dell","website":"https://www.dell.com","founded":"1984","hq":null,"category":"Personal computers · servers","founders":["Michael Dell"],"description":"Michael Dell starts a computer business from his University of Texas dorm room, building a direct-to-customer model.","lineage":"Founded as PC’s Limited in 1984. The company’s later EMC combination and Dell Technologies structure are distinct from its original PC business.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.dell.com/en-in/lp/dt/timeline"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"aol","name":"AOL","website":"https://www.aol.com","founded":"1985","hq":null,"category":"Online services · email · internet history","founders":["Jim Kimsey","Marc Seriff","Steve Case"],"description":"Quantum Computer Services forms in 1985, the online-services business that later becomes America Online.","lineage":"The company’s Quantum roots date to 1985; the America Online name came later. This is a historical profile, not an assertion of uninterrupted independent ownership.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://time.com/3857628/aol-1985-history/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://time.com/3857628/aol-1985-history/"}}},{"id":"netscape","name":"Netscape","website":"https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/71176/","founded":"1994","hq":null,"category":"Web browsers · historical company","founders":["Marc Andreessen","Jim Clark"],"description":"Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen start Mosaic Communications, later renamed Netscape Communications.","lineage":"Originally Mosaic Communications, then Netscape. Andreessen’s earlier NCSA Mosaic work is distinct from the new company. The browser’s release followed the company’s formation.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://history.computer.org/pubs/timeline.pdf"},{"label":"Navigator browser history","url":"https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/71176/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://history.computer.org/pubs/timeline.pdf"}}},{"id":"yahoo","name":"Yahoo","website":"https://www.yahoo.com","founded":"1994","hq":null,"category":"Internet portals · search · media","founders":["Jerry Yang","David Filo"],"description":"Stanford students Jerry Yang and David Filo create the web directory that becomes Yahoo.","lineage":"The founders’ directory began in 1994; incorporation and later ownership changes came separately. This origin profile does not treat current Yahoo as unchanged from the original public company.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.yahooinc.com/our-story"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.yahooinc.com/our-story"}}},{"id":"amazon","name":"Amazon","website":"https://www.amazon.com","founded":"1994","hq":null,"category":"Online commerce · cloud infrastructure","founders":["Jeff Bezos"],"description":"Amazon opens its online bookstore in July 1995, after Jeff Bezos began the company in 1994.","lineage":"Company roots date to 1994; the public bookstore opened in July 1995. Amazon’s retail, cloud and later AI businesses are distinct chapters.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/workplace/first-amazon-office-jeff-bezos-garage"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"ebay","name":"eBay","website":"https://www.ebay.com","founded":"1995","hq":null,"category":"Online marketplaces · commerce","founders":["Pierre Omidyar"],"description":"Pierre Omidyar launches AuctionWeb, the person-to-person online marketplace later named eBay.","lineage":"Names shown are selected founders or original contributors. The origin milestone is distinct from later ownership and product changes.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.ebayinc.com/company/our-history/"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"friendster","name":"Friendster","website":"https://www.trustandsafetyfoundation.org/blog/blog/friendster-battles-fakesters-2003","founded":"2002 · project origins","hq":null,"category":"Social networks · historical platform","founders":["Jonathan Abrams"],"description":"Jonathan Abrams opens Friendster’s beta, connecting people through profiles and mutual friends.","lineage":"Historical original Friendster. Development began in 2002; the public beta is recorded in March 2003. Later games and revivals are separate from this social-network chapter.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Later logo reconstruction · Basavarajtalwar · CC BY-SA 3.0","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friendster_logo.svg"},{"label":"Logo license · PNG conversion and transparent padding","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"},{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/10.09.03/friendster-0341.html"},{"label":"Historical context and launch distinction","url":"https://www.trustandsafetyfoundation.org/blog/blog/friendster-battles-fakesters-2003"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/10.09.03/friendster-0341.html"}}},{"id":"linkedin","name":"LinkedIn","website":"https://www.linkedin.com","founded":"2002 · launched 2003","hq":null,"category":"Professional networks · hiring","founders":["Reid Hoffman","Allen Blue","Konstantin Guericke","Eric Ly","Jean-Luc Vaillant"],"description":"LinkedIn launches a professional network after work began in Reid Hoffman’s living room in 2002.","lineage":"A professional-network company later acquired by Microsoft. The 2003 service launch is distinct from its 2002 origins and the later acquisition.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://careers.linkedin.com/WhyLinkedIn"},{"label":"Official historical fact sheet","url":"https://press.linkedin.com/content/dam/press/images/news-releases/acquisition/linkedin-fact-sheet.pdf"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://careers.linkedin.com/WhyLinkedIn"}}},{"id":"myspace","name":"Myspace","website":"https://myspace.com","founded":"2003","hq":null,"category":"Social networks · music communities","founders":["Tom Anderson","Chris DeWolfe"],"description":"Myspace introduces a social network centered on personal profiles, interests and shared media.","lineage":"Historical social-network origins. Names shown are selected co-founders; later ownership and the site’s subsequent music focus are distinct chapters.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2014.pdf"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://s3data.computerhistory.org/core/core-2014.pdf"}}},{"id":"youtube","name":"YouTube","website":"https://www.youtube.com","founded":"2005","hq":null,"category":"Online video · creator platforms","founders":["Chad Hurley","Steve Chen","Jawed Karim"],"description":"Jawed Karim uploads Me at the zoo, the first YouTube video, filmed at the San Diego Zoo.","lineage":"Founded in 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. The first upload is distinct from domain registration and later public rollout. Google acquired YouTube in 2006.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://blog.google/feed/youtube-20-birthday-latest-features/"},{"label":"Founder names · investor account","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sequoia_youtube-started-as-a-dating-site-even-after-activity-7270483387570622464-Z4vq"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://blog.google/feed/youtube-20-birthday-latest-features/"}}},{"id":"reddit","name":"Reddit","website":"https://www.reddit.com","founded":"2005","hq":null,"category":"Online communities · discussion","founders":["Steve Huffman","Alexis Ohanian"],"description":"Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian start Reddit in 2005, with backing from Y Combinator’s first cohort.","lineage":"Huffman and Ohanian started the site; Aaron Swartz joined later in 2005 after a merger. The early team’s history is not reduced to an asserted identical launch-day founding group.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://redditinc.com/press"},{"label":"Founder account","url":"https://alexis.posthaven.com/pages/about"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"twitter","name":"Twitter / X","website":"https://x.com","founded":"2006","hq":null,"category":"Social networks · real-time media","founders":["Jack Dorsey","Biz Stone","Evan Williams","Noah Glass"],"description":"Jack Dorsey posts the first message on the service then called twttr, while the project is developing inside Odeo.","lineage":"The original Twitter project began inside Odeo in 2006. Its later corporate formation, Elon Musk acquisition and X rebrand are separate from the first tweet. Historical Twitter branding is used here.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://blog.x.com/en_gb/a/en-gb/2014/discovering-your-firsttweet"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://blog.x.com/en_gb/a/en-gb/2014/discovering-your-firsttweet"}}},{"id":"hubspot","name":"HubSpot","website":"https://www.hubspot.com","founded":"2006","hq":null,"category":"CRM · marketing · business software","founders":["Brian Halligan","Dharmesh Shah"],"description":"Brian Halligan and Dharmesh Shah found HubSpot to help businesses attract customers through inbound marketing.","lineage":"Names shown are selected founders or original contributors. The origin milestone is distinct from later ownership and product changes.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.hubspot.com/our-story"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"whatsapp","name":"WhatsApp","website":"https://www.whatsapp.com","founded":"2009","hq":null,"category":"Mobile messaging · communications","founders":["Jan Koum","Brian Acton"],"description":"Jan Koum and Brian Acton build WhatsApp, a mobile messaging company founded in 2009.","lineage":"Founded by former Yahoo colleagues Jan Koum and Brian Acton. Facebook announced its acquisition agreement in 2014; this is distinct from WhatsApp’s 2009 origins.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/companies/whatsapp"},{"label":"Founders and later acquisition announcement","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2014/02/facebook-to-acquire-whatsapp/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/companies/whatsapp"}}},{"id":"instagram","name":"Instagram","website":"https://www.instagram.com","founded":"2010","hq":null,"category":"Social networks · photo and video sharing","founders":["Kevin Systrom","Mike Krieger"],"description":"Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger launch Instagram, a mobile photo-sharing app.","lineage":"Created by Systrom and Krieger in 2010. Facebook’s later acquisition is a separate milestone. Meta-wide employees and funding are not attributed to Instagram alone.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.meta.com/about/company-info/"},{"label":"Contemporaneous launch report","url":"https://venturebeat.com/ai/instagram-iphone-photo-sharing"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.meta.com/about/company-info/"}}},{"id":"pinterest","name":"Pinterest","website":"https://www.pinterest.com","founded":"2010","hq":null,"category":"Visual discovery · social platforms","founders":["Ben Silbermann","Evan Sharp","Paul Sciarra"],"description":"Pinterest launches a service for saving and discovering visual ideas through collections of pins.","lineage":"The Pinterest product launched in 2010 after earlier development. The founders’ prior company work and later public listing are separate from launch.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://newsroom-archive.pinterest.com/celebrating-the-200-million-people-of-pinterest"},{"label":"Early founders and development history","url":"https://www.inc.com/30under30/christine-lagorio/ben-silbermann-evan-sharp-founders-pinterest.html"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"snap","name":"Snap / Snapchat","website":"https://www.snap.com","founded":"2011","hq":null,"category":"Camera platforms · social messaging","founders":["Evan Spiegel","Bobby Murphy"],"description":"The app that becomes Snapchat begins as Picaboo in 2011, centered on disappearing picture messages.","lineage":"Spiegel and Murphy are the company’s named co-founders. Reggie Brown was an original collaborator whose role in the disappearing-message concept was acknowledged in a 2014 settlement; his contribution is not omitted from the origin story.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001564408/10cd6a4a-b95d-48c9-bf94-bcec6893a43d.pdf"},{"label":"Original collaborator and settlement reporting","url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/news/2014/09/09/snapchat-spiegel-murphy-reggie-brown-settlement.html"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"bytedance","name":"ByteDance","website":"https://www.bytedance.com","founded":"2012","hq":null,"category":"Recommendation systems · media platforms · AI","founders":["Zhang Yiming","Liang Rubo"],"description":"A team led by Zhang Yiming and Liang Rubo founds ByteDance. Toutiao follows as an early mobile content product.","lineage":"ByteDance’s company roots, Douyin’s China launch and TikTok’s international launch are distinct. Parent-company totals are not assigned to individual services.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}}},{"id":"snowflake","name":"Snowflake","website":"https://www.snowflake.com","founded":"2012","hq":null,"category":"Cloud data platforms · analytics","founders":["Benoit Dageville","Thierry Cruanes","Marcin Zukowski"],"description":"Snowflake is founded to build a data warehouse for cloud infrastructure, separating storage and compute.","lineage":"The company’s 2012 origins predate its 2020 IPO and later AI Data Cloud positioning. Names shown are its three founding technologists.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.snowflake.com/en/blog/data-platform-ai-era/"},{"label":"Founders and early investor history","url":"https://www.axios.com/2020/09/16/snowflake-investors-ipo"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"discord","name":"Discord","website":"https://discord.com","founded":"2015 · Discord launch","hq":null,"category":"Community communications · voice and chat","founders":["Jason Citron","Stanislav Vishnevskiy"],"description":"Jason Citron and Stanislav Vishnevskiy launch Discord, initially focused on helping people talk while playing games.","lineage":"The Discord product launched in 2015. Earlier Hammer & Chisel company and game development predate the service; this field does not claim first incorporation in 2015.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://discord.com/blog/thank-you-for-ten-years"},{"label":"Company history and original team","url":"https://discord.com/company"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://discord.com/blog/thank-you-for-ten-years"}}},{"id":"tiktok","name":"TikTok","website":"https://www.tiktok.com","founded":"2017 · international product launch","hq":null,"category":"Short-form video · recommendation feeds","founders":["ByteDance team"],"description":"ByteDance launches TikTok for markets outside mainland China, following Douyin’s 2016 China launch.","lineage":"TikTok is a ByteDance product, not an independently founded company with separate founder financing. Douyin is its separate China-market counterpart. The 2018 musical.ly combination followed the initial international launch.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Financing not fully researched","note":"No lifetime funding total is inferred. Acquisitions, parent-company financing and platform users are not standalone company funding or employees.","source":{"label":"History and milestone source","url":"https://www.bytedance.com/en/"}}},{"id":"higgsfield","name":"Higgsfield","website":"https://higgsfield.ai","founded":null,"hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Generative video · image creation · creative tools","founders":["Alex Mashrabov","Yerzat Dulat","Mahi de Silva"],"description":"An AI video and image creation platform for creators, filmmakers and marketing teams.","lineage":"Co-founded by former Snap generative-AI leader Alex Mashrabov. The Diffuse app was announced in 2024; company releases date the later creative platform to April 2025. Founders follow Accel’s portfolio listing.","rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2024-04-03","amount":8000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Menlo Ventures"],"investors":[],"source":"https://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/article/bizwire-2024-4-3-higgsfield-ai-secures-8m-in-seed-funding-to-unlock-personalized-ai-video-creation","note":"Lead investor disclosed; this source does not name a complete syndicate."},{"name":"Series A","date":"2025-09-09","amount":50000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["GFT Ventures"],"investors":["BroadLight Capital","NextEquity Partners","AI Capital Partners","Menlo Ventures","Alpha Square Group"],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/higgsfield-announces-50m-series-a-to-propel-click-to-video-ai-for-social-media-302550070.html","note":"Selected named participants; other strategic investors are not identified."},{"name":"Series A extension","date":"2026-01-15","amount":80000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Accel","AI Capital Partners","Menlo Ventures"],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/higgsfield-announces-130m-series-a-and-reports-200m-annual-run-rate-302661805.html","note":"Only the $80M extension is added here. The company’s more-than-$130M aggregate Series A figure is not counted as another round. Lead not specified."},{"name":"Series B","date":"2026-08-17","amount":400000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["DST Global"],"investors":["Tribe Capital","Growth Equity at Goldman Sachs Alternatives","Smash Capital","Fifth Wall","Valor Capital","Intel Capital","Liberty Global Tech Ventures","Mirae Asset Capital","NTT DOCOMO Ventures","Accel","Menlo Ventures","AI Capital Partners","GFT Ventures","Capra Ventures","BAM Corner Point","BroadLight Capital","Natalia Vodianova Arnault"],"source":"https://www.intelcapital.com/higgsfield-raises-400-million-series-b-financing-at-5-4-billion-valuation-with-annualized-revenue-reaching-700-million/","note":"Announcement dated August 17; investor repost published August 19. Company valuation of $5.4B is distinct from the amount raised."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company overview and headquarters","url":"https://higgsfield.ai/about"},{"label":"Founders · Accel portfolio","url":"https://www.accel.com/companies/higgsfield"},{"label":"First app announcement · April 3, 2024","url":"https://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/article/bizwire-2024-4-3-higgsfield-ai-secures-8m-in-seed-funding-to-unlock-personalized-ai-video-creation"},{"label":"Series A · September 9, 2025","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/higgsfield-announces-50m-series-a-to-propel-click-to-video-ai-for-social-media-302550070.html"},{"label":"Series A extension and platform launch month","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/higgsfield-announces-130m-series-a-and-reports-200m-annual-run-rate-302661805.html"},{"label":"Series B announcement · August 17, 2026","url":"https://www.intelcapital.com/higgsfield-raises-400-million-series-b-financing-at-5-4-billion-valuation-with-annualized-revenue-reaching-700-million/"}]},{"id":"javascript","name":"JavaScript","website":"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript","founded":"1995 · created at Netscape","hq":null,"category":"Programming language · web applications","founders":["Brendan Eich"],"description":"A programming language for interactive web applications and other software.","lineage":"Created by Brendan Eich at Netscape in 1995. Standardized as ECMAScript beginning in 1997. The language is distinct from individual browser engines and their software licenses. Shown with the later JSConf community logo, not a 1995 Netscape mark.","organizationType":"project","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"JavaScript: The First 20 Years · co-authored by Brendan Eich","url":"https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/150FP/archive/brendan-eich/js-hopl.pdf"},{"label":"Language overview","url":"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/JavaScript"},{"label":"Community logo and provenance","url":"https://github.com/voodootikigod/logo.js"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Programming language","note":"A language is not a company. No corporate funding total or employee count is inferred from its implementations or contributors.","source":{"label":"JavaScript: The First 20 Years · co-authored by Brendan Eich","url":"https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/150FP/archive/brendan-eich/js-hopl.pdf"}}},{"id":"python","name":"Python","website":"https://www.python.org","founded":"1991 · first public release","hq":null,"category":"Open-source language · scientific computing","founders":["Guido van Rossum"],"description":"An open-source programming language used for applications, scientific computing and AI.","lineage":"Created by Guido van Rossum at CWI. The language predates the Python Software Foundation, which formed in 2001. Current Python releases use the PSF license.","organizationType":"project","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Creator’s account of the first release","url":"https://docs.python.org/3.12/faq/general.html"},{"label":"History and licensing","url":"https://docs.python.org/3/license.html"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Project contributors and sponsors are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate financing total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Creator’s account of the first release","url":"https://docs.python.org/3.12/faq/general.html"}}},{"id":"linux","name":"Linux","website":"https://www.kernel.org","founded":"1991 · project origins","hq":null,"category":"Open-source operating-system kernel · infrastructure","founders":["Linus Torvalds"],"description":"The collaboratively developed operating-system kernel used in servers, devices and computing infrastructure.","lineage":"Started by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Early licensing restricted commercial use; the 0.12 release notes describe the move to GNU copyleft in 1992. Today the kernel uses GPL version 2. Tux artwork: Larry Ewing and The GIMP, created in 1996.","organizationType":"project","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Original announcement reproduced by the Linux Foundation","url":"https://training.linuxfoundation.org/blog/happy-30th-linux/"},{"label":"Original 0.12 release notes and licensing change","url":"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12"},{"label":"Current license and Tux attribution","url":"https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Project contributors and sponsors are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate financing total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Original announcement reproduced by the Linux Foundation","url":"https://training.linuxfoundation.org/blog/happy-30th-linux/"}}},{"id":"git","name":"Git","website":"https://git-scm.com","founded":"2005 · first commit","hq":null,"category":"Open-source developer tools · version control","founders":["Linus Torvalds"],"description":"An open-source distributed version-control system for tracking and collaborating on source code.","lineage":"Created by Linus Torvalds after the Linux community’s access to BitKeeper changed. Junio C Hamano later became maintainer. Git is the project; GitHub is a separate company and hosting platform.","organizationType":"project","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Creator interview and first-commit anniversary","url":"https://github.blog/open-source/git/git-turns-20-a-qa-with-linus-torvalds/"},{"label":"Official project history","url":"https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Project contributors and sponsors are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate financing total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Creator interview and first-commit anniversary","url":"https://github.blog/open-source/git/git-turns-20-a-qa-with-linus-torvalds/"}}},{"id":"docker-engine","name":"Docker Engine","website":"https://docs.docker.com/engine/","founded":"2013 · public project debut","hq":null,"category":"Open-source infrastructure · containers","founders":["Solomon Hykes"],"description":"An open-source container engine for building and running packaged applications.","lineage":"Began as a dotCloud project led by Solomon Hykes. This profile describes Docker Engine and its open-source infrastructure, not Docker Inc’s incorporation or Docker Desktop subscriptions. Docker Engine uses the Apache 2.0 license.","organizationType":"project","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Original PyCon talk and date","url":"https://pyvideo.org/pycon-us-2013/the-future-of-linux-containers.html"},{"label":"Docker’s retrospective","url":"https://www.docker.com/blog/docker-nine-years-young/"},{"label":"Engine overview and licensing","url":"https://docs.docker.com/engine/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Project contributors and sponsors are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate financing total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Original PyCon talk and date","url":"https://pyvideo.org/pycon-us-2013/the-future-of-linux-containers.html"}}},{"id":"kubernetes","name":"Kubernetes","website":"https://kubernetes.io","founded":"2014 · project origins","hq":null,"category":"Open-source infrastructure · container orchestration","founders":["Joe Beda","Brendan Burns","Craig McLuckie"],"description":"An open-source platform for deploying, scaling and managing containerized applications.","lineage":"Originated at Google in 2014, drawing on its cluster-management experience. Named people are selected members of the original team, not its complete contributor list. The project uses the Apache 2.0 license.","organizationType":"project","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Project history, original team and 1.0 date","url":"https://kubernetes.io/blog/2024/06/06/10-years-of-kubernetes/"},{"label":"Platform overview","url":"https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/"},{"label":"Project license","url":"https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/LICENSE"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Project contributors and sponsors are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate financing total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Project history, original team and 1.0 date","url":"https://kubernetes.io/blog/2024/06/06/10-years-of-kubernetes/"}}},{"id":"wayve","name":"Wayve","website":"https://wayve.ai/","founded":"2017","hq":"London, UK","category":"Embodied AI · autonomous driving","founders":["Alex Kendall","Amar Shah"],"description":"Develops a learned AI Driver for automakers and mobility platforms. Its London Uber service began with supervised rides; broader driverless deployment remains a separate capability and regulatory step.","lineage":"Cambridge research origins, with headquarters in London. Its platform approach licenses driving intelligence rather than manufacturing its own vehicles.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2022-01-18","amount":200000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Eclipse"],"investors":["D1 Capital Partners","Baillie Gifford","Moore Strategic Ventures","Linse Capital","Microsoft","Virgin","Compound","Balderton Capital"],"source":"https://wayve.ai/press/wayve-announces-200-million-in-funding-to-accelerate-the-development-of-av2-0-the-next-wave-of-autonomous-vehicles/"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2024-05-07","amount":1050000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["SoftBank Group"],"investors":["NVIDIA","Microsoft"],"source":"https://wayve.ai/press/series-c/"},{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-02-25","amount":1200000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Eclipse","Balderton Capital","SoftBank Vision Fund 2"],"investors":["Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan","Baillie Gifford","British Business Bank","Icehouse Ventures","Schroders Capital","Microsoft","NVIDIA","Uber","Mercedes-Benz","Nissan","Stellantis"],"source":"https://wayve.ai/press/series-d/","note":"The closed round is $1.2B. The broader $1.5B announcement includes additional milestone-based Uber capital, excluded from this subtotal. Selected rounds do not establish a complete lifetime total."}],"sources":[{"label":"Official company profile and London headquarters","url":"https://wayve.ai/company/"},{"label":"Cambridge founder record","url":"https://mlg.eng.cam.ac.uk/people/amar-shah/"},{"label":"Company origins","url":"https://wayve.ai/thinking/our-road-ahead/"},{"label":"Founding year and Series C","url":"https://wayve.ai/press/series-c/"},{"label":"London supervised rides","url":"https://wayve.ai/press/wayve-uber-launch-autonomous-rides/"},{"label":"Series B financing","url":"https://wayve.ai/press/wayve-announces-200-million-in-funding-to-accelerate-the-development-of-av2-0-the-next-wave-of-autonomous-vehicles/"},{"label":"Series D and conditional Uber capital","url":"https://wayve.ai/press/series-d/"}]},{"id":"sabi","name":"Sabi","website":"https://sabi.com/","founded":null,"hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Brain-computer interfaces · neural AI · wearables","founders":["Rahul Chhabra","Atmadeep Banerjee"],"description":"Developing a non-invasive EEG cap and Brain Foundation Model to translate imagined speech into text and commands for AI assistants. Consumer availability and performance remain unverified.","lineage":"Publicly revealed in April 2026. The October roadmap includes thought-to-prompt interaction and an early prototype demonstration planned for CES 2027. A company founding date and employee count have not been verified.","rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2026-10-09","amount":50000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Khosla Ventures"],"investors":["Accel","Initialized Capital","Kevin Weil","DST Global","Collaborative Fund","Ascend"],"source":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/10/09/3378310/0/en/sabi-raises-50-million-seed-round-led-by-khosla-ventures-to-put-a-brain-ai-interface-inside-a-baseball-cap.html","note":"Disclosed seed financing. A complete lifetime funding total is not established."}],"sources":[{"label":"Sabi Cap and official waitlist","url":"https://sabi.com/"},{"label":"Public reveal, April 16, 2026","url":"https://www.wired.com/story/this-beanie-is-designed-to-read-your-thoughts/"},{"label":"Company announcement: cap roadmap and seed financing","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/10/09/3378310/0/en/sabi-raises-50-million-seed-round-led-by-khosla-ventures-to-put-a-brain-ai-interface-inside-a-baseball-cap.html"}]},{"id":"figma","name":"Figma","website":"https://www.figma.com","founded":"2012","hq":"San Francisco, California, US","category":"Design software · AI creation","founders":["Dylan Field","Evan Wallace"],"description":"The collaborative design company behind Figma and AI creation tools.","lineage":"Co-founded by Field and Wallace; publicly traded as FIG since July 2025.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.figma.com/blog/figma-ipo-founder-letter/"},{"label":"Annual report · dated employee disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1579878/000162828026009228/fig-20251231.htm"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"1,886 · December 31, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-31","scope":"Figma worldwide","note":"Company-wide employee count from a dated annual report. Staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Annual report · dated employee disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1579878/000162828026009228/fig-20251231.htm"}}},{"id":"spacex","name":"SpaceX","website":"https://www.spacex.com","founded":"2002","hq":null,"category":"Space infrastructure · AI infrastructure","founders":["Elon Musk"],"description":"A space and technology company whose AI organization acquired Cursor in 2026.","lineage":"The June 2026 IPO and August 2026 Cursor acquisition are separate milestones.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://ir.spacex.com/faqs-and-contact/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://cursor.com/blog/joining-spacex"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"mercor","name":"Mercor","website":"https://www.mercor.com","founded":"2023","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Human data · expert networks · AI training","founders":["Brendan Foody","Adarsh Hiremath","Surya Midha"],"description":"Connects domain experts with AI labs and enterprises to train and evaluate models.","lineage":"Started in AI hiring; expanded into expert human data and evaluations. Contractor network size is distinct from employee headcount.","rounds":[{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-10-27","amount":350000000,"leads":["Felicis"],"investors":["Benchmark","General Catalyst","Robinhood Ventures"],"source":"https://www.mercor.com/blog/series-c/","note":""}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.mercor.com/blog/1/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://www.mercor.com/blog/series-c/"}]},{"id":"handshake","name":"Handshake","website":"https://joinhandshake.com","founded":"2014","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Human data · expert model validation · careers","founders":["Garrett Lord","Ben Christensen","Scott Ringwelski"],"description":"A career network whose Handshake AI business connects academic experts with frontier AI labs.","lineage":"Founded by Michigan Tech students. Handshake AI launched in March 2025 and was publicly introduced in June. Its expert network is not its employee count.","rounds":[{"name":"Series F","date":"2022-01-19","amount":200000000,"leads":["Coatue Management","Valiant Peregrine Fund"],"investors":["Base10 Advancement Initiative","Spark Capital","Lightspeed Venture Partners","True Ventures","Kleiner Perkins","EQT Ventures","GGV Capital","Chan Zuckerberg Initiative","Emerson Collective","Reach Capital"],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/no-network-required-handshake-raises-200m-to-help-gen-z-launch-careers-301463445.html","note":"Disclosed investor roster in the company announcement; earlier rounds are not itemized here."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://joinhandshake.com/blog/our-team/introducing-handshake-ai/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://joinhandshake.com/about/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://joinhandshake.com/blog/our-team/handshake-acquires-taro/"},{"label":"Historical funding, HQ, and employees","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/no-network-required-handshake-raises-200m-to-help-gen-z-launch-careers-301463445.html"}],"hqNote":"Disclosed in the January 2022 company release.","employees":{"value":"500 · 2021","note":"Historical company disclosure published January 2022; not a current headcount. Expert contractors and network members are separate."}},{"id":"turing-company","name":"Turing","website":"https://www.turing.com","founded":"2018","hq":null,"category":"Human data · post-training · engineering talent","founders":["Jonathan Siddharth","Vijay Krishnan"],"description":"Provides expert data, evaluation, post-training, and engineering services.","lineage":"Grew from an engineering talent platform into services for frontier labs and enterprise AI. The dated funding disclosure is not a current employee census.","rounds":[{"name":"Series E · company recap","date":"2025-06-10","amount":111000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Khazanah Nasional Berhad","WestBridge Capital","Sozo Ventures","Uphonest Capital","AltaIR Capital","Amino Capital","Plug and Play","MVP Ventures","Fortius Ventures","Gaingels","Mastodon Capital Management"],"source":"https://www.turing.com/blog/turing-raises-111m-to-accelerate-the-future-of-agi","note":"Company recap published June 10; the financing was initially reported in March 2025. Company reported $225M cumulative funding at this point."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.turing.com/blog/turing-raises-111m-to-accelerate-the-future-of-agi"}],"totalFunding":{"display":"$225M · reported June 10, 2025","note":"Historical company-reported total, including rounds not individually recorded below. Not a current lifetime funding figure.","source":{"label":"Company financing recap","url":"https://www.turing.com/blog/turing-raises-111m-to-accelerate-the-future-of-agi"}}},{"id":"fireworks","name":"Fireworks AI","website":"https://fireworks.ai","founded":"2022","hq":null,"category":"Inference infrastructure · fine-tuning · specialized models","founders":["Lin Qiao","Dmytro Dzhulgakov"],"description":"Provides production inference and fine-tuning infrastructure for open and custom AI models.","lineage":"Qiao previously led PyTorch work at Meta. Names shown are selected co-founders; the full founding team is larger.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-07-11","amount":52000000,"leads":["Sequoia Capital"],"investors":[],"source":"https://fireworks.ai/blog/fireworks-ai-series-b-compound-ai","note":""},{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-07-15","amount":1505000000,"leads":["Atreides Management","Index Ventures","TCV"],"investors":["Evantic Capital","Lightspeed Venture Partners","NVIDIA","20VC","Bessemer Venture Partners","Menlo Ventures"],"source":"https://fireworks.ai/blog/series-d-announcement","note":"Selected disclosed rounds; the subtotal excludes earlier rounds and Series C. Additional investors were not individually named."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/podcast/training-data-lin-qiao"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://fireworks.ai/team"}]},{"id":"modretro","name":"ModRetro","website":"https://modretro.com","founded":"Chromatic announced 2024","hq":null,"category":"Gaming hardware · AI-assisted game development","founders":["Palmer Luckey"],"description":"Makes the Chromatic handheld and collaborates with OpenAI on Codex-assisted game creation.","lineage":"The Chromatic product announcement and the 2026 DevDay Codex collaboration are separate milestones; the earlier ModRetro community predates this hardware.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://learn.chatgpt.com/modretro"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://modretro.com/blogs/blog/create-for-chromatic"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://support.modretro.com/en_us/chromatic-devday-edition-quickstart-guid-By1iOlcMg"}]},{"id":"worldlabs","name":"World Labs","website":"https://www.worldlabs.ai","founded":"2024","hq":null,"category":"Spatial intelligence · world models","founders":["Fei-Fei Li","Justin Johnson","Christoph Lassner","Ben Mildenhall"],"description":"Develops models that generate, understand, and interact with 3D worlds.","lineage":"Signed an agreement to join AMD on September 28, 2026. The announcement expects closing by year-end; it is not recorded as a completed acquisition.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2026-02-18","amount":1000000000,"leads":[],"investors":["AMD","Autodesk","Emerson Collective","Fidelity Management & Research Company","NVIDIA","Sea"],"source":"https://www.worldlabs.ai/blog/funding-2026","note":"Investors listed are the publicly named participants; the source also says “among others.” Earlier financing is not itemized here."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://radical.vc/articles/introducing-world-labs/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://www.worldlabs.ai/blog/amd-announcement"}]},{"id":"1x","name":"1X","website":"https://www.1x.tech","founded":"2014","hq":"Palo Alto, California, US","category":"Humanoid robotics · embodied AI","founders":["Bernt Børnich"],"description":"A prototype humanoid designed for the home.","lineage":"Hardware releases, research demonstrations, and commercial deployments are separate stages.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-01","amount":100000000,"leads":[],"investors":["EQT Ventures"],"source":"https://www.1x.tech/discover/1x-secures-100m-in-series-b-funding","note":"Company reports $100M Series B with EQT Ventures participation. A secondary share transaction also involved Sandwater, Samsung NEXT, Skagerak Capital and Nistad Group; those purchases are not added to this funding amount. No lead is explicitly identified in this announcement. Earlier rounds remain unitemized."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.1x.tech/discover/announcement-1x-unveils-neo-beta-a-humanoid-robot-for-the-home"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://www.1x.tech"},{"label":"Official headquarters announcement · July 2025","url":"https://www.1x.tech/discover/palo-alto-hq"}],"hqNote":"New global headquarters announced July 11, 2025. Its stated 400-person facility capacity is not an employee count."},{"id":"apptronik","name":"Apptronik","website":"https://apptronik.com","founded":"2016","hq":"Austin, US","category":"Humanoid robotics · embodied AI","founders":["Jeff Cardenas","Nick Paine","Luis Sentis"],"description":"A humanoid platform initially aimed at manufacturing and logistics.","lineage":"Hardware releases, research demonstrations, and commercial deployments are separate stages.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A · initial announcement","date":"2025-02-13","amount":350000000,"leads":["B Capital","Capital Factory"],"investors":["Google"],"source":"https://apptronik.com/news-collection/apptronik-raises-350-million-in-series-a-funding","note":"Initial announcement only; later extensions are not itemized here."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://apptronik.com/news-collection/apptronik-unveils-apollo"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://apptronik.com"}]},{"id":"agility","name":"Agility Robotics","website":"https://www.agilityrobotics.com","founded":"2015","hq":"Corvallis, Oregon, US","category":"Humanoid robotics · embodied AI","founders":["Damion Shelton","Jonathan Hurst"],"description":"A bipedal robot designed for logistics workflows.","lineage":"Hardware releases, research demonstrations, and commercial deployments are separate stages.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2022-04-22","amount":150000000,"leads":["DCVC","Playground Global"],"investors":["Amazon Industrial Innovation Fund","MFV Partners","ITIC","Robotics Hub","Safar Partners","Sony Innovation Fund","TDK Ventures"],"source":"https://www.agilityrobotics.com/content/agility-robotics-raises-150m-series-b-led-by-dcvc-and-playground-global","note":"Historical company announcement. Subsequent financing is not yet itemized."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.agilityrobotics.com/content/agility-robotics-launches-next-generation-of-digit-worlds-first-human-centric-multi-purpose-robot-made-for-logistics-work"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://www.agilityrobotics.com"},{"label":"Series B and historical headquarters","url":"https://www.agilityrobotics.com/content/agility-robotics-raises-150m-series-b-led-by-dcvc-and-playground-global"}],"hqNote":"Headquarters disclosed in April 2022; current designation is not verified."},{"id":"bostondynamics","name":"Boston Dynamics","website":"https://bostondynamics.com","founded":"1992","hq":"Waltham, US","category":"Humanoid robotics · embodied AI","founders":["Marc Raibert"],"description":"An all-electric successor to the hydraulic Atlas research platform.","lineage":"Hardware releases, research demonstrations, and commercial deployments are separate stages.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://bostondynamics.com/blog/electric-new-era-for-atlas/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://bostondynamics.com"}]},{"id":"anduril","name":"Anduril","website":"https://www.anduril.com","founded":"2017","hq":"Costa Mesa, US","category":"Defense AI · autonomous systems","founders":["Palmer Luckey","Brian Schimpf","Trae Stephens","Matt Grimm","Joe Chen"],"description":"Lattice autonomy software and defense hardware.","lineage":"Founding and product milestones appear on the timeline; financing is recorded in this profile. Founder names may be selected.","rounds":[{"name":"Series H","date":"2026-05-13","amount":5000000000,"leads":["Thrive Capital","Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.anduril.com/news/anduril-announces-usd5b-series-h-raise","note":""}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.anduril.com/news/anduril-in-2023-a-year-in-review"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://www.anduril.com"}]},{"id":"shieldai","name":"Shield AI","website":"https://shield.ai","founded":"2015","hq":"San Diego, US","category":"Defense AI · autonomous systems","founders":["Brandon Tseng","Ryan Tseng","Andrew Reiter"],"description":"Hivemind autonomy software and unmanned aircraft.","lineage":"Founding and product milestones appear on the timeline; financing is recorded in this profile. Founder names may be selected.","rounds":[{"name":"Series G · announced","date":"2026-03-26","amount":1500000000,"leads":["Advent International","JPMorganChase Strategic Investment Group"],"investors":["Snowpoint Ventures","InnovationX","Riot Ventures","Disruptive","Apandion"],"source":"https://shield.ai/shield-ai-to-acquire-software-simulation-company-aechelon-and-raise-2b-at-12-7b-valuation/","note":"Additional investors unnamed. Separate $500M fixed-return preferred equity and $250M delayed draw facility are excluded from this Series G amount."},{"name":"Fixed-return preferred equity · announced","date":"2026-03-26","amount":500000000,"leads":["Blackstone"],"investors":[],"source":"https://shield.ai/shield-ai-to-acquire-software-simulation-company-aechelon-and-raise-2b-at-12-7b-valuation/","note":"Distinct from the Series G; the delayed draw facility is not counted as raised equity."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://shield.ai/shield-ai-to-acquire-software-simulation-company-aechelon-and-raise-2b-at-12-7b-valuation/"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://shield.ai"}]},{"id":"helsing","name":"Helsing","website":"https://helsing.ai","founded":"2021","hq":"Munich, Germany","category":"Defense AI · autonomous systems","founders":["Gundbert Scherf","Torsten Reil","Niklas Köhler"],"description":"AI software and autonomous systems for defense.","lineage":"Founding and product milestones appear on the timeline; financing is recorded in this profile. Founder names may be selected.","rounds":[{"name":"Series E","date":"2026-07-13","amount":1800000000,"leads":[],"investors":[],"source":"https://helsing.ai/newsroom/helsing-raises-1-8bn-in-series-e","note":"Investor roster not verified in this archive."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://helsing.ai/company"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://helsing.ai"}]},{"id":"saronic","name":"Saronic","website":"https://www.saronic.com","founded":"2022","hq":"Austin, US","category":"Defense AI · autonomous systems","founders":["Dino Mavrookas"],"description":"Autonomous surface vessels and maritime autonomy.","lineage":"Founding and product milestones appear on the timeline; financing is recorded in this profile. Founder names may be selected.","rounds":[{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-03-31","amount":1750000000,"leads":["Kleiner Perkins"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saronic-closes-1-75b-series-d-at-9-25b-valuation-to-accelerate-a-new-era-of-maritime-autonomy-302729298.html","note":"Source does not provide a complete investor roster."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company source","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saronic-closes-1-75b-series-d-at-9-25b-valuation-to-accelerate-a-new-era-of-maritime-autonomy-302729298.html"},{"label":"Supporting source","url":"https://www.saronic.com"}]},{"id":"salesforce","name":"Salesforce","website":"https://www.salesforce.com","founded":"1999","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Enterprise AI · CRM · workflow agents","founders":["Marc Benioff","Parker Harris","Dave Moellenhoff","Frank Dominguez"],"description":"Enterprise software company behind Salesforce CRM, Agentforce, and the Claudeforce partnership with Anthropic.","lineage":"Founded as a cloud software company. Claudeforce is an expanded strategic partnership with Anthropic announced August 26, 2026, not a merger.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company history","url":"https://www.salesforce.com/company/our-story/"},{"label":"Claudeforce announcement","url":"https://www.salesforce.com/news/press-releases/2026/08/26/salesforce-and-anthropic-announce-claudeforce/"},{"label":"Annual report · dated employee disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1108524/000110852426000060/crm-20260131.htm"}],"employees":{"value":"83,334 · January 31, 2026","asOf":"2026-01-31","scope":"Salesforce worldwide","note":"Company-wide employee count from a dated annual report. Staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Annual report · dated employee disclosure","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1108524/000110852426000060/crm-20260131.htm"}}},{"id":"hark","name":"Hark Labs","website":"https://hark.com","founded":"2025","hq":null,"category":"Personal AI · foundation models · AI hardware","founders":["Brett Adcock"],"description":"Builds personal intelligence through its own models, Hark Pro software, and planned hardware.","lineage":"Adcock also founded Figure. Hark Pro launched October 6, 2026; the company describes hardware as a later product.","employees":{"value":"Around 70 · May 2026","note":"Historical company disclosure in the Series A announcement; not a current headcount."},"rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2026-05-20","amount":700000000,"amountQualifier":">","leads":["Parkway Venture Capital"],"investors":["NVIDIA","Align Ventures","AMD Ventures","ARK Invest","Brookfield","Greycroft","Intel Capital","Prime Movers Lab","Qualcomm Ventures","Salesforce Ventures","Tamarack Global"],"source":"https://hark.com/articles/hark-announces-usd700-million-fundraising-round","note":"Company states more than $700M. The recorded amount is a lower bound; founder financing is not included in this subtotal. The page is labeled May 20; subsequent coverage appeared May 21, 2026."}],"sources":[{"label":"Hark Pro · official launch","url":"https://hark.com/articles/introducing-hark-pro"},{"label":"Series A · company announcement and headcount","url":"https://hark.com/articles/hark-announces-usd700-million-fundraising-round"},{"label":"Founder and company history · TechCrunch","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/21/hark-raises-700m-series-a-for-its-secretive-universal-ai-interface/"}]},{"id":"google-parent","name":"Google / Alphabet","website":"https://about.google","founded":"Google 1998 · Alphabet 2015","hq":"Mountain View, California, US","category":"AI research · cloud infrastructure · consumer products","founders":["Larry Page","Sergey Brin"],"description":"Google’s corporate and research history, within the Alphabet parent established in 2015.","lineage":"Google and DeepMind began as separate organizations. Google Brain and DeepMind combined in 2023; the DeepMind profile records that lab’s lineage separately.","publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"190,820 · December 31, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-31","scope":"Alphabet worldwide","note":"Alphabet-wide employees, including businesses outside Google and AI. Historical disclosure, not a current AI-team count.","source":{"label":"Alphabet 2025 annual report · workforce and headquarters","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm"}},"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Founders’ history of Google and Alphabet","url":"https://blog.google/alphabet/letter-from-larry-and-sergey/"},{"label":"Alphabet 2025 annual report · workforce and headquarters","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm"}]},{"id":"tencent","name":"Tencent","website":"https://www.tencent.com","founded":"1998","hq":"Shenzhen, China","category":"Multimodal models · video generation · cloud AI","founders":["Ma Huateng (Pony Ma)","Xu Chenye (Daniel Xu)"],"description":"The technology group behind Hunyuan model research, alongside communications, cloud, games, and other businesses.","lineage":"Selected co-founders shown from the company leadership biographies; this is not its complete founding team. Hunyuan is an AI research and product family within Tencent.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company history and headquarters","url":"https://www.tencent.com/zh-hk/about.html"},{"label":"Leadership · selected co-founders","url":"https://www.tencent.com/who-we-are/our-team/"},{"label":"HunyuanVideo technical report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03603"}]},{"id":"alibaba","name":"Alibaba","website":"https://www.alibabagroup.com","founded":"1999","hq":null,"category":"Foundation models · video generation · cloud infrastructure","founders":["Jack Ma","18-person founding team"],"description":"A technology group whose AI work includes Qwen language and multimodal models and the Wan video-model family.","lineage":"Founded by 18 people led by Jack Ma. Alibaba Cloud and model research are parts of the wider group; a corporate employee total would not represent an AI-team count.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company origins and Qwen strategy","url":"https://home.alibabagroup.com/en-US/about-alibaba"},{"label":"Wan technical report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.20314"}]},{"id":"moonshot","name":"Moonshot AI","website":"https://www.moonshot.ai","founded":"2023 · spring, per company history","hq":"Beijing, China","hqNote":"Company contact address; legal headquarters designation is not independently established.","category":"Language models · coding · tool-using agents","founders":["Zhilin Yang"],"description":"The AI lab behind the Kimi assistant and Kimi model research.","lineage":"Founded in 2023. Selected founder shown; this profile does not claim a complete founding roster. The company publishes research on agentic models and long-context systems.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official history and Beijing contact address","url":"https://www.moonshot.ai/about"},{"label":"Founder background · CNA","url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/east-asia/china-deepseek-zhipu-ai-moonshot-liang-wenfeng-yang-zhilin-tang-jie-6269866"},{"label":"Kimi K2 technical report","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20534"}]},{"id":"poke","name":"The Interaction Company, maker of Poke","website":"https://poke.com","founded":"June 2024 · parent company","hq":"Palo Alto, California, US","category":"Personal AI · messaging agents","founders":["Marvin von Hagen","Felix Schlegel"],"description":"The Interaction Company of California builds Poke, a personal AI assistant reached through messaging.","lineage":"Company founding and product launch are different milestones. Cognition announced its acquisition of Interaction on July 23, 2026.","rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2025-09","amount":15000000,"leads":["General Catalyst"],"investors":["Earlybird VC","Village Global","Everyday Intelligence","CDTM Venture Fund","Scott Wu","Ken Howery","Fred Ehrsam","Cory Levy","Anton Levy","Daniel Sundheim","Brendan Foody","Guillermo Rauch"],"source":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/interactionco_say-hi-to-pokecom-the-interaction-activity-7370865769942970368-ESDU","note":"Company disclosed $100M valuation. Month of announcement retained; not a complete funding history."}],"sources":[{"label":"Company origins and headquarters · counsel profile","url":"https://www.geradinpartners.com/geradin-partners-secures-landmark-interim-measures-for-interaction-in-meta-ai-whatsapp-case/"},{"label":"Seed investor announcement","url":"https://www.generalcatalyst.com/stories/seeding-the-future-with-the-interaction-company-of-california"},{"label":"Cognition acquisition announcement","url":"https://cognition.com/blog/interaction"}]},{"id":"ramp","name":"Ramp","website":"https://ramp.com","founded":"2019","hq":"New York, US","category":"Financial software · enterprise AI agents","founders":["Eric Glyman","Karim Atiyeh","Gene Lee"],"description":"A financial operations platform combining spend management, payments and AI-assisted finance workflows.","lineage":"Founded in 2019; public launch in February 2020. The timeline highlights origins and its major accounts-payable agent launch.","rounds":[{"name":"Series F","date":"2026-06-04","amount":750000000,"leads":["ICONIQ","GIC","Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan"],"investors":["Goldman Sachs Alternatives","D. E. Shaw & Co.","Morgan Stanley Investment Management","Generation Investment Management","Insight Partners","BroadLight Capital","Founders Fund","Lightspeed Venture Partners","D1 Capital Partners","T. Rowe Price","General Catalyst","Alpha Wave Global","137 Ventures","Thrive Capital","Coatue","Sands Capital","Khosla Ventures","1789 Capital","Avenir Growth","BoxGroup","8VC","Pinegrove Venture Partners","Definition Capital","Stripes"],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ramp-raises-series-f-at-44-billion-valuation-302791103.html","note":"Primary financing at a $44B valuation. Earlier rounds are not yet itemized; this is not lifetime funding."}],"sources":[{"label":"Founders and founding year","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/companies/ramp"},{"label":"Company and corporate address","url":"https://ramp.com/about-us"},{"label":"AI accounts-payable launch","url":"https://ramp.com/blog/ramp-ap-agents-announcement"},{"label":"Series F · company announcement","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ramp-raises-series-f-at-44-billion-valuation-302791103.html"}]},{"id":"waymo","name":"Waymo","website":"https://waymo.com","founded":"2009 project · Waymo business 2016","hq":null,"category":"Autonomous driving · physical AI","founders":["Google self-driving project team","Dmitri Dolgov"],"description":"An Alphabet company developing the Waymo Driver and autonomous ride-hailing services.","lineage":"The Google project began in 2009. Waymo became a separate Alphabet business in December 2016. John Krafcik was CEO at that transition; he is not labeled the original project founder.","rounds":[{"name":"Investment round","date":"2024-10-25","amount":5600000000,"leads":["Alphabet"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Fidelity","Perry Creek","Silver Lake","Tiger Global","T. Rowe Price"],"source":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/investing-to-bring-the-waymo-driver-to-more-riders/","note":"Selected disclosed round; earlier and later financing not fully itemized."}],"sources":[{"label":"Project origins and Waymo formation","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2016/12/say-hello-to-waymo-whats-next-for/"},{"label":"Dmitri Dolgov · project co-founder","url":"https://waymo.com/company/dmitri-dolgov/"},{"label":"Public driverless service","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2020/10/waymo-is-opening-its-fully-driverless-service-in-phoenix/"},{"label":"Funding and paid-trip disclosure","url":"https://waymo.com/blog/2024/10/investing-to-bring-the-waymo-driver-to-more-riders/"}]},{"id":"tesla","name":"Tesla","website":"https://www.tesla.com","founded":"2003","hq":"Austin, Texas, US","category":"Autonomous vehicles · robotics · electric vehicles","founders":["Martin Eberhard","Marc Tarpenning","Elon Musk","JB Straubel","Ian Wright"],"description":"An electric-vehicle and energy company whose AI work includes driving systems, Cybercab and humanoid robotics.","lineage":"Eberhard and Tarpenning established Tesla in 2003. Musk, Straubel and Wright are also recognized as co-founders; incorporation and subsequent leadership are distinct.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Founding history and co-founder distinction","url":"https://wisconsinwatch.org/2023/09/fact-brief-elon-musk-tesla-founder/"},{"label":"Company origins · Tesla report","url":"https://www.tesla.com/ns_videos/2018-tesla-impact-report.pdf"},{"label":"Cybercab · Tesla Q3 2024 report","url":"https://ir.tesla.com/_flysystem/s3/sec/000162828024043432/tsla-20241023-gen.pdf"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"scale","name":"Scale AI","website":"https://scale.com","founded":"2016","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Training data · human feedback · evaluation","founders":["Alexandr Wang","Lucy Guo"],"description":"A data and evaluation company serving AI labs, enterprises and governments.","lineage":"YC Summer 2016. Meta took a minority stake in June 2025; Scale remained independent while Wang moved to Meta and remained a Scale director.","rounds":[{"name":"Series F · primary and secondary transaction","date":"2024-05-21","amount":1000000000,"leads":["Accel"],"investors":["Y Combinator","Nat Friedman","Index Ventures","Founders Fund","Coatue","Thrive Capital","Spark Capital","NVIDIA","Tiger Global Management","Greenoaks","Wellington Management","Cisco Investments","DFJ Growth","Intel Capital","ServiceNow Ventures","AMD Ventures","WCM","Amazon","Elad Gil","Meta","Qualcomm Ventures"],"source":"https://scale.com/blog/scale-ai-series-f","note":"Mixed primary financing and secondary liquidity at $13.8B valuation. New capital is not separately disclosed, so this transaction is excluded from the funding subtotal.","includeInSubtotal":false,"capitalType":"primary-and-secondary"}],"sources":[{"label":"Original founders · YC interview","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/scale/"},{"label":"Founding year and location","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/scale-ai"},{"label":"Meta investment and leadership transition","url":"https://scale.com/blog/scale-ai-announces-next-phase-of-company-evolution"},{"label":"Series F","url":"https://scale.com/blog/scale-ai-series-f"}]},{"id":"yc","name":"Y Combinator","website":"https://www.ycombinator.com","founded":"2005","hq":null,"category":"Startup accelerator · seed investment","founders":["Paul Graham","Jessica Livingston","Robert Morris","Trevor Blackwell"],"description":"An investment organization backing technology companies, including participants in the AI ecosystem.","lineage":"Firm origin shown as context for the capital behind AI. The linked portfolio is limited to investments disclosed in this archive’s recorded company rounds.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Firm history","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/jessica-livingston-shares-9-things-she-learned-from-founding-yc"},{"label":"Official website","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com"}],"organizationType":"investor","fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Investment funds and assets under management are different from company venture funding. No comparable lifetime funding total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Firm information","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com"}}},{"id":"a16z","name":"Andreessen Horowitz","website":"https://a16z.com","founded":"2009","hq":null,"category":"Venture capital · AI investment","founders":["Marc Andreessen","Ben Horowitz"],"description":"An investment organization backing technology companies, including participants in the AI ecosystem.","lineage":"Firm origin shown as context for the capital behind AI. The linked portfolio is limited to investments disclosed in this archive’s recorded company rounds.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Firm history","url":"https://a16z.com/about/"},{"label":"Official website","url":"https://a16z.com"}],"organizationType":"investor","fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Investment funds and assets under management are different from company venture funding. No comparable lifetime funding total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Firm information","url":"https://a16z.com"}}},{"id":"sequoia","name":"Sequoia Capital","website":"https://sequoiacap.com","founded":"1972","hq":null,"category":"Venture capital","founders":["Don Valentine"],"description":"An investment organization backing technology companies, including participants in the AI ecosystem.","lineage":"Firm origin shown as context for the capital behind AI. The linked portfolio is limited to investments disclosed in this archive’s recorded company rounds.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Firm history","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/our-history"},{"label":"Official website","url":"https://sequoiacap.com"}],"organizationType":"investor","fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Investment funds and assets under management are different from company venture funding. No comparable lifetime funding total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Firm information","url":"https://sequoiacap.com"}}},{"id":"accel","name":"Accel","website":"https://www.accel.com","founded":"1983","hq":null,"category":"Venture capital","founders":["Arthur Patterson","Jim Swartz"],"description":"An investment organization backing technology companies, including participants in the AI ecosystem.","lineage":"Firm origin shown as context for the capital behind AI. The linked portfolio is limited to investments disclosed in this archive’s recorded company rounds.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Firm history","url":"https://www.accel.com/team/arthur-patterson"},{"label":"Official website","url":"https://www.accel.com"}],"organizationType":"investor","fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Investment funds and assets under management are different from company venture funding. No comparable lifetime funding total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Firm information","url":"https://www.accel.com"}}},{"id":"foundersfund","name":"Founders Fund","website":"https://foundersfund.com","founded":"2005","hq":null,"category":"Venture capital · frontier technology","founders":["Peter Thiel","Ken Howery","Luke Nosek"],"description":"An investment organization backing technology companies, including participants in the AI ecosystem.","lineage":"Firm origin shown as context for the capital behind AI. The linked portfolio is limited to investments disclosed in this archive’s recorded company rounds.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Firm history","url":"https://www.founded.org/companies/founders-fund/"},{"label":"Official website","url":"https://foundersfund.com"}],"organizationType":"investor","fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Investment funds and assets under management are different from company venture funding. No comparable lifetime funding total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Firm information","url":"https://foundersfund.com"}}},{"id":"factory","name":"Factory","website":"https://factory.com","founded":"2023","hq":"San Francisco, US","category":"Software engineering agents · developer infrastructure","founders":["Matan Grinberg","Eno Reyes"],"description":"A software-agent company building Droids and autonomous engineering workflows.","lineage":"Founded in 2023; its founders describe a mission to bring autonomy across the software development lifecycle.","rounds":[{"name":"Funding round","date":"2026-09-15","amount":200000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Blackstone","Khosla Ventures","Sequoia Capital","Insight Partners","Evantic Capital","Sound Ventures","NEA","Mantis VC","Clearlake"],"source":"https://factory.com/news/5-billion-valuation","note":"Company disclosed $5B valuation and over $400M total funding. Lead investor and round series are not separately specified."}],"sources":[{"label":"Founders, origins and financing","url":"https://factory.com/news/5-billion-valuation"},{"label":"Founder interview","url":"https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-technology/our-insights/paving-the-road-for-ai-agents-interview-with-factory-ceo-matan-grinberg"},{"label":"Company profile","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/factory-hq"}],"totalFunding":{"display":"More than $400M · September 15, 2026","note":"Company-reported total at this date; only the latest $200M transaction is itemized below. Do not add the total to the recorded round.","source":{"label":"Company financing disclosure","url":"https://factory.com/news/5-billion-valuation"}}},{"id":"prometheus","name":"Prometheus / Project Prometheus","website":"https://www.prometheus.ai","founded":"Publicly reported November 2025","hq":null,"category":"Industrial AI · engineering · manufacturing","founders":["Jeff Bezos","Vik Bajaj"],"description":"An industrial AI company developing systems for engineering and designing physical products.","lineage":"First reported as Project Prometheus; later reporting uses Prometheus. The public reporting date is not asserted as an incorporation date.","rounds":[{"name":"Series A · reported","date":"2025-11","amount":6200000000,"leads":[],"investors":["Jeff Bezos"],"source":"https://www.axios.com/2026/06/11/prometheus-bezos-industrial-ai","note":"Reported initial financing; exact closing day and full investor roster are not established here."},{"name":"Series B · reported","date":"2026-06-11","amount":12000000000,"leads":[],"investors":["JPMorgan","BlackRock","Goldman Sachs","DST Global","ARCH Venture Partners"],"source":"https://www.axios.com/2026/06/11/prometheus-bezos-industrial-ai","note":"Reported $41B valuation; lead investor not specified. Investor roster follows reporting and may not be exhaustive."}],"sources":[{"label":"Reuters · initial reporting","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/jeff-bezos-to-colead-ai-startup-in-first-operational-role-since-amazon-nyt-reports-4361881"},{"label":"Axios · founders and financing","url":"https://www.axios.com/2026/06/11/prometheus-bezos-industrial-ai"},{"label":"Official website","url":"https://www.prometheus.ai/"}]},{"id":"palantir","name":"Palantir","website":"https://www.palantir.com","founded":"2003","hq":null,"category":"Enterprise AI · defense · data platforms","founders":["Alex Karp","Peter Thiel"],"description":"A software company building operational data and AI platforms for commercial and government organizations.","lineage":"Selected co-founders shown from the official board biographies; this is not the entire founding team. Its AIP platform adds large language models to operational data systems.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company origins","url":"https://www.palantir.com/about/"},{"label":"Selected co-founder biographies","url":"https://investors.palantir.com/board.html"},{"label":"AIP announcement","url":"https://www.palantir.com/newsroom/letters/our-new-platform/"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"baidu","name":"Baidu","website":"https://www.baidu.com","founded":"2000","hq":"Beijing, China","category":"Foundation models · speech research · autonomous driving","founders":["Robin Li","Eric Xu"],"description":"A search and AI company whose research includes Deep Speech, ERNIE models and autonomous-driving systems.","lineage":"The archive links Baidu Research’s Deep Speech 2 paper to the corporate profile. Corporate headcount is not a research-team count.","sources":[{"label":"Company and AI business","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/company-overview"},{"label":"Original founders · company filing","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/static-files/74abc09d-eab5-4519-8ff8-d933fc825e1e"},{"label":"Headquarters and dated workforce","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/shareholder-services/investor-faqs"}],"rounds":[],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"Approximately 33,500 full-time employees · December 31, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-31","scope":"Baidu company-wide full-time employees","note":"Historical company disclosure, not a current AI-team count.","source":{"label":"Company investor FAQs","url":"https://ir.baidu.com/shareholder-services/investor-faqs"}}},{"id":"zai","name":"Z.ai / Zhipu AI","website":"https://z.ai","founded":"2019","hq":"Beijing, China","category":"Foundation models · GLM · bilingual AI","founders":["Tang Jie","Li Juanzi"],"description":"The company behind the GLM model family, originating from Tsinghua University research.","lineage":"Zhipu AI uses Z.ai internationally. Selected co-founders are shown; the GLM-130B collaboration also includes university researchers.","sources":[{"label":"Official history","url":"https://www.zhipuai.cn/en/about"},{"label":"Founding researchers · JST report","url":"https://spap.jst.go.jp/investigation/downloads/2024_rr_06_en.pdf"},{"label":"Investor announcement · Hong Kong listing","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chinas-agi-pioneer-and-leader-zai-listed-on-hong-kong-stock-exchange-302656265.html"}],"rounds":[],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"minimax","name":"MiniMax","website":"https://www.minimax.io","founded":"Early 2022 · company operating history","hq":null,"category":"Multimodal models · speech · language · video","founders":["Yan Junjie"],"description":"An AI company developing language, audio and multimodal foundation models and applications.","lineage":"Company operating origins follow its official early-2022 account. This is distinct from the holding company’s legal incorporation. Selected founder shown, not a complete founding roster.","sources":[{"label":"Company operating origins","url":"https://www.minimax.io/about"},{"label":"Founder biography","url":"https://ir.minimax.io/corporate-information/management"},{"label":"Public-company report","url":"https://file.cdn.minimax.io/public/ba6ecddc-7a0f-434a-b340-96576f676b3c.pdf"}],"rounds":[],"publicCompany":true,"logoSrc":"./assets/logos/minimax-brand.png"},{"id":"bfl","name":"Black Forest Labs","website":"https://bfl.ai","founded":"2024 · public launch August 1","hq":"Freiburg / San Francisco","category":"Visual foundation models · FLUX","founders":["Robin Rombach","Andreas Blattmann","Patrick Esser"],"description":"A visual AI lab building the FLUX image and video model families.","lineage":"The founders previously contributed to latent diffusion and Stable Diffusion. Their previous research and later company are separate organizations.","sources":[{"label":"Original launch and seed","url":"https://bfl.ai/blog/24-08-01-bfl"},{"label":"Founders · investor interview","url":"https://a16z.com/podcast/the-researcher-to-founder-journey-and-the-power-of-open-models/"},{"label":"Official lab locations","url":"https://bfl.ai/about"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2024-08-01","amount":31000000,"leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["Brendan Iribe","Michael Ovitz","Garry Tan","Timo Aila","Vladlen Koltun"],"source":"https://bfl.ai/blog/24-08-01-bfl","note":"Launch disclosure names selected investors. Later follow-up investments mentioned separately are not assigned an invented amount; financing history remains partial."}],"hqNote":"The company lists labs in Freiburg and San Francisco; this does not establish a single legal headquarters."},{"id":"isomorphic","name":"Isomorphic Labs","website":"https://www.isomorphiclabs.com","founded":"2021","hq":"London, UK","category":"AI drug design · molecular modeling","founders":["Demis Hassabis"],"description":"An AI-first drug-design company and collaborator on AlphaFold 3.","lineage":"Hassabis founded Isomorphic Labs after DeepMind. The two organizations collaborate but retain distinct profiles.","sources":[{"label":"Origins, headquarters, founder and financing","url":"https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/press/isomorphic-labs-funding"},{"label":"AlphaFold 3 collaboration","url":"https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/articles/rational-drug-design-with-alphafold-3"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2026-05-12","amount":2100000000,"leads":["Thrive Capital"],"investors":["Alphabet","GV","MGX","Temasek","CapitalG","UK Sovereign AI Fund"],"source":"https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/press/isomorphic-labs-funding","note":"Selected disclosed round; earlier financing is not fully itemized."}]},{"id":"block","name":"Block","website":"https://block.xyz","founded":"2009 · founded as Square","hq":null,"category":"Financial technology · open-source AI agents","founders":["Jack Dorsey","Jim McKelvey"],"description":"The company behind Square and Cash App, whose open-source AI work includes goose.","lineage":"Square, Inc. adopted the Block corporate name in 2021. The Square seller business remains a distinct brand.","sources":[{"label":"Original founders and origins","url":"https://squareup.com/us/en/press/square-opens-st-louis-office"},{"label":"Corporate name change","url":"https://squareup.com/gb/en/press/square-changes-name-to-block"},{"label":"goose introduction","url":"https://goose-docs.ai/blog/2025/01/28/introducing-codename-goose/"}],"rounds":[],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"belllabs","name":"Bell Labs","website":"https://www.nokia.com/bell-labs","founded":"1925","hq":null,"category":"Industrial research · neural networks · computing","founders":["AT&T","Western Electric"],"description":"An industrial research institution with foundational work in computing, communications and neural networks.","lineage":"AT&T and Western Electric created Bell Telephone Laboratories. The historical LeNet and support-vector research belongs to its earlier organizational era; Nokia Bell Labs is the present-day institutional lineage.","sources":[{"label":"Institutional origins and ownership history","url":"https://www.nokia.com/bell-labs/nokia-bell-labs-celebrates-100-years-of-innovation-and-looks-ahead-to-another-century-of-discovery/"},{"label":"First president and leadership history","url":"https://www.nokia.com/bell-labs/about/history/innovation-stories/presidents-bell-labs/"}],"rounds":[],"publicCompany":true,"organizationType":"research-group"},{"id":"ai2","name":"Allen Institute for AI","website":"https://allenai.org","founded":"2014","hq":"Seattle, Washington, US","category":"Open AI research · OLMo · scientific models","founders":["Paul Allen"],"description":"A nonprofit research institute developing open models, datasets and scientific AI.","lineage":"Ai2 is distinct from a venture-backed startup. Its OLMo research aims to expose more of the training process than weights alone.","sources":[{"label":"Official origins and location","url":"https://allenai.org/about"}],"rounds":[],"organizationType":"research-group","fundingStatus":{"display":"Nonprofit research institute","note":"Philanthropy and research support are not presented as startup funding rounds. A complete support history is not compiled here.","source":{"label":"Institute overview","url":"https://allenai.org/about"}}},{"id":"eleuther","name":"EleutherAI","website":"https://www.eleuther.ai","founded":null,"hq":null,"category":"Open research · model evaluation · interpretability","founders":["EleutherAI research community"],"description":"A research organization and community publishing model research, datasets and evaluation software, including Pythia.","lineage":"This profile records the research organization. It does not infer current headcount, headquarters or a corporate founder roster from a paper’s authors.","sources":[{"label":"Official organization and repositories","url":"https://github.com/EleutherAI"},{"label":"Pythia repository","url":"https://github.com/EleutherAI/pythia"}],"rounds":[],"organizationType":"research-group","fundingStatus":{"display":"Research organization","note":"Research support and sponsorship are not treated as an inferred company funding total; financial history remains uncompiled.","source":{"label":"Official research organization","url":"https://github.com/EleutherAI"}}},{"id":"compvis","name":"CompVis","website":"https://github.com/CompVis","founded":null,"hq":null,"category":"Academic computer vision · generative models","founders":["CompVis research group"],"description":"The academic research group associated with latent diffusion and early Stable Diffusion work.","lineage":"CompVis is a research group, distinct from Runway, Stability AI and later Black Forest Labs. Paper contributors are listed on their corresponding research milestones.","sources":[{"label":"Official repositories","url":"https://github.com/CompVis"},{"label":"Latent diffusion research","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.10752"}],"rounds":[],"organizationType":"research-group","fundingStatus":{"display":"Academic research group","note":"Academic research support is not represented as company venture financing.","source":{"label":"Latent diffusion publication","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.10752"}}},{"id":"vllm","name":"vLLM","website":"https://vllm.ai","founded":"2023 · public project release","hq":null,"category":"Open-source infrastructure · inference serving","founders":["Woosuk Kwon","Zhuohan Li","UC Berkeley research collaborators"],"description":"An open-source inference and serving project introduced with the PagedAttention memory-management technique.","lineage":"Originated at UC Berkeley. Named people are selected original research contributors, not an asserted corporate founding team.","sources":[{"label":"Original release and contributors","url":"https://vllm.ai/blog/2023-06-20-vllm"},{"label":"Official project","url":"https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm"}],"rounds":[],"organizationType":"project","fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Contributor counts and sponsorship are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate funding total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Original release and contributors","url":"https://vllm.ai/blog/2023-06-20-vllm"}}},{"id":"llamacpp","name":"llama.cpp","website":"https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp","founded":"2023 · project origins","hq":null,"category":"Open-source infrastructure · local inference","founders":["Georgi Gerganov","Open-source contributors"],"description":"A C/C++ inference project designed to run language models across a wide range of hardware.","lineage":"A community software project maintained in the ggml organization. The displayed mark belongs to that organization; contributors are not described as a corporate workforce.","sources":[{"label":"Official repository and authors","url":"https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp"}],"rounds":[],"organizationType":"project","logoAlt":"ggml organization mark","fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Contributor counts and sponsorship are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate funding total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Official repository and authors","url":"https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp"}}},{"id":"comfyui","name":"ComfyUI","website":"https://www.comfy.org","founded":null,"hq":null,"category":"Open-source tools · visual generative workflows","founders":["comfyanonymous","ComfyUI contributors"],"description":"A node-based interface and execution system for generative image, video and other model workflows.","lineage":"The software project and any commercial hosting business should not be treated as the same financing or employee entity. This profile covers the open-source project.","sources":[{"label":"Official project and contributors","url":"https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI"},{"label":"Official product website","url":"https://www.comfy.org"}],"rounds":[],"organizationType":"project","fundingStatus":{"display":"Open-source project","note":"Contributor counts and sponsorship are not company employees or venture funding. No corporate funding total is inferred.","source":{"label":"Official project and contributors","url":"https://github.com/Comfy-Org/ComfyUI"}}},{"id":"amd","name":"AMD","website":"https://www.amd.com","founded":"1969","hq":null,"category":"Semiconductors · AI accelerators · computing","founders":["AMD founding engineering team"],"description":"A semiconductor company developing processors and accelerators used for AI training and inference.","lineage":"World Labs announced an agreement to join AMD in September 2026. The timeline preserves that agreement status rather than asserting a completed transaction.","publicCompany":true,"rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Company origins and business","url":"https://www.amd.com/en/corporate.html"},{"label":"World Labs agreement","url":"https://www.worldlabs.ai/blog/amd-announcement"}]},{"id":"sri","name":"SRI International","website":"https://www.sri.com","founded":"1946 · independent since 1970","founders":["Stanford University"],"hq":null,"category":"Nonprofit research · robotics · applied AI","description":"The research institute behind Shakey and other foundational computing and robotics work.","lineage":"Founded as Stanford Research Institute; its independent institutional history is separate from Stanford University.","rounds":[],"organizationType":"research-group","sources":[{"label":"Institutional history","url":"https://www.sri.com/about-us/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Research institution · historical origins","note":"Research contracts, institutional support and successor-company financing are not equated with venture rounds for the historical research group.","source":{"label":"Institutional history","url":"https://www.sri.com/about-us/"}}},{"id":"rand","name":"RAND","website":"https://www.rand.org","founded":"1948 · independent organization","founders":["Project RAND at Douglas Aircraft"],"hq":null,"category":"Nonprofit research · policy · early AI","description":"A research organization associated with early AI work including Logic Theorist.","lineage":"Became independent in 1948 after its origins as a research project at Douglas Aircraft; the Logic Theorist milestone also credits Carnegie Tech collaborators.","rounds":[],"organizationType":"research-group","sources":[{"label":"Institutional history","url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA600/CPA682-15/RAND_CPA682-15.pdf"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Research institution · historical origins","note":"Research contracts, institutional support and successor-company financing are not equated with venture rounds for the historical research group.","source":{"label":"Institutional history","url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA600/CPA682-15/RAND_CPA682-15.pdf"}}},{"id":"cal","name":"Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory","website":"https://calspan.com","founded":"1946 · Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory","founders":["Cornell University","Curtiss-Wright laboratory predecessor"],"hq":null,"category":"Industrial research · early neural networks","description":"The historical research laboratory associated with Frank Rosenblatt’s perceptron work.","lineage":"CAL formed from the donation of the Curtiss-Wright Research Laboratory to Cornell. Profile links to the successor’s institutional history; current-company workforce or financing is not assigned to the historical lab.","rounds":[],"organizationType":"research-group","sources":[{"label":"Institutional history","url":"https://calspan.com/company/history/1940s"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Research institution · historical origins","note":"Research contracts, institutional support and successor-company financing are not equated with venture rounds for the historical research group.","source":{"label":"Institutional history","url":"https://calspan.com/company/history/1940s"}},"logoAlt":"Calspan successor organization mark"},{"id":"xboxlabs","name":"Xbox Labs","website":"https://labs.xbox.com","founded":"2026","founders":["Xbox / Microsoft"],"hq":null,"category":"Game creation · agents · research","description":"An Xbox research group exploring new ways to create, adapt and experience games.","lineage":"Only sourced information is recorded; funding history and workforce coverage may be partial.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2026/10/13/introducing-xbox-labs/"}],"organizationType":"research-group","publicCompany":true},{"id":"harvey","name":"Harvey","website":"https://www.harvey.ai","founded":"2022","founders":["Winston Weinberg","Gabriel Pereyra"],"hq":null,"category":"Legal AI · professional services","description":"An AI platform for legal and professional-services work.","lineage":"Founded by Winston Weinberg and Gabriel Pereyra. Selected disclosed financings are listed below; earlier seed/Series A and separately reported investments remain unitemized. The December 2025 announcement includes a planned tender offer and is excluded from the primary subtotal.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2023-12-19","amount":80000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Elad Gil","Kleiner Perkins"],"investors":["OpenAI Startup Fund","Sequoia Capital"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/series-b"},{"name":"Series C","date":"2024-07-23","amount":100000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["GV"],"investors":["OpenAI Startup Fund","Kleiner Perkins","Sequoia Capital","Elad Gil","SV Angel"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/harvey-raises-series-c"},{"name":"Series D","date":"2025-02-12","amount":300000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Sequoia Capital"],"investors":["Coatue","Kleiner Perkins","OpenAI Startup Fund","GV","Conviction","Elad Gil","REV"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/harvey-raises-series-d"},{"name":"Series E","date":"2025-06-23","amount":300000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Kleiner Perkins","Coatue"],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","GV","DST Global","Conviction","Elad Gil","OpenAI Startup Fund","Elemental","SV Angel","Kris Fredrickson","REV"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/harvey-raises-series-e"},{"name":"Investment and planned tender offer","date":"2025-12-04","amount":160000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["WndrCo","T. Rowe Price Associates","Sequoia Capital","Kleiner Perkins","Conviction","Elad Gil"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/andreessen-horowitz-leads-dollar160m-investment-in-harvey","includeInSubtotal":false,"note":"The announcement also describes a planned first tender offer without separating its amount. Excluded from the primary-funding subtotal to avoid treating secondary liquidity as new company capital. EQT’s earlier investment is mentioned separately, not assigned to this round."},{"name":"Disclosed financing","date":"2026-03-25","amount":200000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["GIC","Sequoia Capital"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Coatue","Conviction Partners","Elad Gil","Evantic","Kleiner Perkins"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/harvey-raises-at-dollar11-billion-valuation-to-scale-agents-across-law-firms-and-enterprises"},{"name":"Disclosed financing","date":"2026-09-09","amount":550000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Diffusion","Lightspeed Venture Partners"],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","Kleiner Perkins","Andreessen Horowitz","Coatue","Conviction","Elad Gil","Evantic","GIC","Goldman Sachs Alternatives","Verified Capital","WNDR","Sapphire Ventures","Whale Rock"],"source":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/harvey-raises-dollar550m-at-a-dollar155b-valuation-to-help-legal-teams-own-their-intelligence"}],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/harvey-raises-dollar550m-at-a-dollar155b-valuation-to-help-legal-teams-own-their-intelligence"},{"label":"Founder biography","url":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/author/gabe-pereyra"},{"label":"Founder biography","url":"https://www.harvey.ai/blog/author/winston-weinberg"},{"label":"Company and team","url":"https://www.harvey.ai/company"}]},{"id":"exa","name":"Exa","website":"https://exa.ai","founded":"2021","founders":["Will Bryk","Jeff Wang"],"hq":null,"category":"Search · retrieval · agent infrastructure","description":"A search engine and retrieval infrastructure provider built for AI systems.","lineage":"Started in 2021 as Metaphor; its first search engine launched in November 2022.","rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2025-09-03","amount":85000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Benchmark"],"investors":["Lightspeed Venture Partners","Y Combinator","NVentures"],"source":"https://exa.ai/blog/announcing-series-b"}],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://exa.ai/blog/announcing-series-b"},{"label":"Team","url":"https://exa.ai/about"}]},{"id":"iren","name":"IREN","website":"https://iren.com","founded":"2018","founders":["Daniel Roberts","William Roberts"],"hq":"Sydney, Australia","category":"Data centers · GPU cloud · AI infrastructure","description":"A data-center and AI cloud provider operating GPU infrastructure in North America.","lineage":"Formerly Iris Energy; adopted the IREN name in November 2024. Commercial capacity contracts are not venture funding.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://iren.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/iren-secures-97bn-ai-cloud-contract-microsoft"},{"label":"Corporate history and founders","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1878848/000187884825000020/iren-20240630.htm"},{"label":"2026 Form 10-K · executive offices and workforce","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1878848/000187884826000052/iren-20260630.htm"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"685 · June 30, 2026","asOf":"2026-06-30","scope":"IREN worldwide employees","note":"Historical employee count. The report separately describes about 580 personnel added through the August Mirantis acquisition; those units are not combined into a purported current headcount. Site contractors are distinct from employees.","source":{"label":"2026 Form 10-K · executive offices and workforce","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1878848/000187884826000052/iren-20260630.htm"}}},{"id":"coreweave","name":"CoreWeave","website":"https://www.coreweave.com","founded":"2017","founders":["Michael Intrator","Brian Venturo","Brannin McBee","Peter Salanki"],"hq":"Livingston, New Jersey, US","category":"GPU cloud · data centers · AI infrastructure","description":"An AI cloud provider supplying accelerated computing through a network of data centers.","lineage":"Only sourced information is recorded; funding history and workforce coverage may be partial.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://coreweave.com/about-us"},{"label":"Founders and company history","url":"https://coreweave.com/news/ceo-michael-intrators-2025-letter-to-shareholders"},{"label":"2025 Form 10-K · executive offices and workforce","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"2,189 · December 31, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-31","scope":"CoreWeave worldwide employees","note":"The company reports 1,967 employees in the US and 222 in other countries. Historical year-end disclosure; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"2025 Form 10-K · executive offices and workforce","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm"}}},{"id":"nebius","name":"Nebius","website":"https://nebius.com","founded":"2024 · independent AI infrastructure business","founders":["Arkady Volozh"],"hq":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","category":"GPU cloud · data centers · AI infrastructure","description":"An AI infrastructure business building GPU clusters and cloud services.","lineage":"The July 2024 milestone concerns the independent business following the Yandex divestment; it is not the origin of the predecessor legal entity.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-group-to-build-leading-european-ai-infrastructure-company"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"etched","name":"Etched","website":"https://www.etched.com","founded":null,"founders":["Gavin Uberti","Robert Wachen"],"hq":"San Jose, California, US","category":"AI chips · inference · rack-scale systems","description":"A chip and systems company developing specialized hardware for AI inference.","lineage":"Founder names are selected from the official team page. The Jane Street customer deployment is distinct from its investment in Etched. The $800M earlier-financing aggregate and later $300M/$700M announcements cover distinct periods; individual dates and participants within the earlier four rounds are undisclosed.","rounds":[{"name":"Disclosed financing","date":"2026-08-18","amount":700000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Jane Street"],"investors":["Kleiner Perkins","Sequoia Capital","Andreessen Horowitz","Peter Thiel","Tiger Global","Bain Capital Ventures","Neo","Stripes","Primary","Positive Sum","Diffusion","Argo","Blackstone"],"source":"https://www.etched.com/progress/from-zero-to-one"},{"name":"Four earlier financings · aggregate disclosure","date":"2026-06-30","amount":800000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["VentureTech Alliance"],"source":"https://www.etched.com/progress/frontier-inference-clusters","note":"June 30 is the disclosure date, not the closing date of four individual financings. This aggregate is recorded once; its component rounds are not added separately. VentureTech Alliance is named as a strategic investor, with no lead or complete roster disclosed."},{"name":"Disclosed financing","date":"2026-07-23","amount":300000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Sequoia Capital"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Jane Street","Diffusion","Argo","SK Hynix"],"source":"https://www.etched.com/progress/accelerating-inference"}],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.etched.com/"},{"label":"First Jane Street rack and financing","url":"https://www.etched.com/progress/from-zero-to-one"},{"label":"Earlier financing aggregate and engineering team","url":"https://www.etched.com/progress/frontier-inference-clusters"},{"label":"July financing","url":"https://www.etched.com/progress/accelerating-inference"}],"employees":{"value":"400+ engineers · June 30, 2026","asOf":"2026-06-30","scope":"Etched engineering team","note":"Company-reported engineering team size; not a complete employee census or a current headcount.","source":{"label":"Dated engineering team disclosure","url":"https://www.etched.com/progress/frontier-inference-clusters"}}},{"id":"janestreet","name":"Jane Street","website":"https://www.janestreet.com","founded":"2000","founders":["Founding group of traders and technologists"],"hq":null,"category":"Quantitative trading · machine learning · AI hardware investment","description":"A global trading firm that develops machine-learning systems and invests in AI hardware.","lineage":"Its Etched role spans customer and investor. A trading firm is distinct from a conventional venture fund.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.janestreet.com/who-we-are/"}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Privately held trading firm","note":"No verified lifetime equity-funding total is recorded. Its investments in other companies are not Jane Street fundraising.","source":{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.janestreet.com/who-we-are/"}},"organizationType":"investor"},{"id":"stargate","name":"Stargate Project","website":"https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/","founded":"2025 · public announcement","founders":["OpenAI","SoftBank","Oracle","MGX"],"hq":null,"category":"AI infrastructure · data centers · joint venture","description":"An AI infrastructure venture announced by OpenAI and partners for US computing capacity.","lineage":"Initial equity partners are SoftBank, OpenAI, Oracle and MGX. The profile uses the OpenAI operating-partner mark, not a claimed standalone Stargate logo.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/"}],"logoAlt":"OpenAI, Stargate operating partner","fundingStatus":{"display":"Announced infrastructure investment plan","note":"The launch outlined an intended $500 billion investment over four years, beginning with $100 billion. These are announced investment plans, not a verified amount of equity raised or capital already spent.","source":{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/"}}},{"id":"asml","name":"ASML","website":"https://www.asml.com","founded":"1984-04-01","founders":["Philips","ASM International"],"hq":"Veldhoven, Netherlands","category":"Semiconductor equipment · lithography · AI supply chain","description":"A lithography-system supplier whose equipment enables advanced semiconductor manufacturing.","lineage":"Profile sources distinguish original founding, later corporate changes, and current operating claims. Unknown fields remain unverified.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.asml.com/en/company/stories/2024/asml-founding-story"},{"label":"Strategic AI partnership","url":"https://www.asml.com/en/news/press-releases/2025/asml-mistral-ai-enter-strategic-partnership"},{"label":"2025 annual report · workforce metric","url":"https://www.asml.com/investors/annual-report/2025"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"More than 44,000 FTEs · 2025","asOf":"2025","scope":"ASML worldwide · full-time equivalents","note":"The annual report’s FTE metric is not an individual headcount or an AI-team count. Historical 2025 disclosure.","source":{"label":"2025 annual report · workforce metric","url":"https://www.asml.com/investors/annual-report/2025"}}},{"id":"tsmc","name":"TSMC","website":"https://www.tsmc.com","founded":"1987","founders":["Morris Chang"],"hq":"Hsinchu, Taiwan","category":"Semiconductor foundry · advanced manufacturing · AI supply chain","description":"A semiconductor foundry manufacturing chips designed by its customers.","lineage":"Profile sources distinguish original founding, later corporate changes, and current operating claims. Unknown fields remain unverified.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.cld.tsmc.com/english/aboutTSMC"},{"label":"Arizona production and annual report","url":"https://investor.tsmc.com/static/annualReports/2024/english/index.html"},{"label":"2025 Form 20-F · headquarters and workforce","url":"https://investor.tsmc.com/sites/ir/sec-filings/2025_20F%20Report.pdf"}],"publicCompany":true,"employees":{"value":"90,557 · December 31, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-31","scope":"TSMC global employee population","note":"Company-wide historical employee population, not an AI-team count or a live staffing figure.","source":{"label":"2025 Form 20-F · headquarters and workforce","url":"https://investor.tsmc.com/sites/ir/sec-filings/2025_20F%20Report.pdf"}}},{"id":"constellation","name":"Constellation Energy","website":"https://www.constellationenergy.com","founded":"2022 · standalone public company","founders":["Separation from Exelon"],"hq":"Baltimore, Maryland, US","category":"Nuclear energy · electricity · data-center power","description":"A power producer supplying nuclear and other electricity to customers including technology companies.","lineage":"The 2022 date concerns the standalone company after its separation from Exelon; its generating assets have older histories.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.constellationenergy.com/news/2022/constellation-launches-as-largest-u-s--clean-energy-company-afte.html"},{"label":"Microsoft nuclear power agreement","url":"https://www.constellationenergy.com/news/2024/Constellation-to-Launch-Crane-Clean-Energy-Center-Restoring-Jobs-and-Carbon-Free-Power-to-The-Grid.html"}],"publicCompany":true},{"id":"kairos","name":"Kairos Power","website":"https://www.kairospower.com","founded":null,"founders":["Mike Laufer","Edward Blandford"],"hq":"Alameda, California, US","category":"Advanced nuclear · small modular reactors · data-center power","description":"A nuclear technology and development company building fluoride-salt-cooled reactor systems.","lineage":"Selected founders are named from the official team page. Its Google agreement concerns future reactor deployment, not operating power delivered on announcement day.","rounds":[],"sources":[{"label":"Official announcement","url":"https://www.kairospower.com/about"},{"label":"Google nuclear agreement","url":"https://blog.google/company-news/outreach-and-initiatives/sustainability/google-kairos-power-nuclear-energy-agreement/"}]},{"id":"sandbar","name":"Sandbar","website":"https://sandbar.com","founded":"Public reveal · November 2025","founders":["Mina Fahmi","Kirak Hong"],"hq":"New York City, New York, US","category":"AI wearables · voice interfaces · personal notes","description":"The company behind Stream Ring, a touch-activated voice wearable and companion conversational app.","lineage":"The founders previously worked together at CTRL-labs, acquired by Meta in 2019. The public reveal is not a verified incorporation date.","rounds":[{"name":"Pre-seed","date":"2024","amount":3000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Upfront Ventures","Betaworks"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sandbar-raises-23m-to-build-a-wearable-conversational-interface-for-an-agentic-world-302709556.html","note":"Dates retain the company release’s precision. Other participants are not specified here."},{"name":"Seed","date":"2025","amount":10000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["True Ventures"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sandbar-raises-23m-to-build-a-wearable-conversational-interface-for-an-agentic-world-302709556.html","note":"Dates retain the company release’s precision. Other participants are not specified here."},{"name":"Series A","date":"2026-03-10","amount":23000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Adjacent","Kindred Ventures"],"investors":[],"source":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sandbar-raises-23m-to-build-a-wearable-conversational-interface-for-an-agentic-world-302709556.html","note":"Dates retain the company release’s precision. Other participants are not specified here."}],"totalFunding":{"display":"$36M · reported March 10, 2026","note":"Company-reported cumulative funding at this disclosure date; not a live total.","source":{"label":"Company financing announcement","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sandbar-raises-23m-to-build-a-wearable-conversational-interface-for-an-agentic-world-302709556.html"}},"employees":{"value":"15 employees · reported March 10, 2026","asOf":"2026-03-10","scope":"Sandbar team","note":"Historical reported headcount; staffing may have changed.","source":{"label":"Dated staffing report","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/10/sandbar-secures-23m-series-a-for-its-ai-note-taking-ring/"}},"sources":[{"label":"Company financing announcement and founders","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sandbar-raises-23m-to-build-a-wearable-conversational-interface-for-an-agentic-world-302709556.html"},{"label":"Stream Ring reveal","url":"https://www.wired.com/story/sandbar-stream-smart-ring/"},{"label":"Official product details","url":"https://shop.sandbar.com/"},{"label":"Dated staffing report","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/10/sandbar-secures-23m-series-a-for-its-ai-note-taking-ring/"}]},{"id":"instinct","name":"Instinct","website":"https://instinct.com","founded":"2025 · Sequoia company history","founders":["Noah Shinn"],"hq":"San Francisco, California, US","category":"Personal agents · messaging · phone and computer use","description":"A personal AI agent reached through messages and calls that acts across everyday services.","lineage":"Sequoia lists founding in 2025; the September 2026 company release documents early access. These dates are distinct from any later corporate registration or public availability.","sources":[{"label":"Investor company history","url":"https://sequoiacap.com/companies/instinct"},{"label":"Company financing and product disclosure","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260928153437/en/"},{"label":"Syndicated company release","url":"https://www.streetinsider.com/Business%2BWire/Instinct%2BRaises%2B%241%2BBillion%2Bin%2BSeries%2BC%2BFunding%2Bfrom%2BSequoia%2C%2BBenchmark%2Band%2BCoatue%2Bat%2B%2410%2BBillion%2BValuation/27110379.html"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series C","date":"2026-09-28","amount":1000000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","Benchmark Capital","Coatue"],"source":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260928153437/en/","note":"Company-reported $10B valuation. No lead is specified; earlier financings are not itemized here."}]},{"id":"decagon","name":"Decagon","website":"https://decagon.ai","founded":"Public emergence · June 2024","founders":["Jesse Zhang","Ashwin Sreenivas"],"hq":"San Francisco, California, US","category":"Customer-service agents · enterprise AI","description":"Builds AI agents that handle enterprise customer support across conversations and actions.","lineage":"Founded by Jesse Zhang and Ashwin Sreenivas. Public emergence is recorded separately from an unverified incorporation date. The launch release separates its $5M seed and $30M Series A despite a $35M headline.","sources":[{"label":"Public launch and founders","url":"https://decagon.ai/blog/series-a"},{"label":"Company team","url":"https://decagon.ai/about"},{"label":"Series B disclosure","url":"https://decagon.ai/blog/series-b"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Seed · disclosed at launch","date":"2024-06-18","amount":5000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":[],"source":"https://decagon.ai/blog/series-a","note":"Disclosure date; exact prior closing date is not specified."},{"name":"Series A","date":"2024-06-18","amount":30000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Accel"],"investors":["A*","Elad Gil","Aaron Levie","Howie Liu","Matt MacInnis","Aaref Hilaly","Mike Vernal","Frederic Kerrest","Jack Altman","Ed Hallen"],"source":"https://decagon.ai/blog/series-a","note":"Body of the release is dated June 18; the page header is June 17. The $35M headline combines seed and Series A."},{"name":"Series B","date":"2024-10-15","amount":65000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Bain Capital Ventures"],"investors":["Elad Gil","Accel","Andreessen Horowitz"],"source":"https://decagon.ai/blog/series-b","note":"Selected disclosed financings; later rounds are not yet itemized."}]},{"id":"supabase","name":"Supabase","website":"https://supabase.com","founded":"2020","founders":["Paul Copplestone","Ant Wilson"],"hq":null,"category":"Open-source databases · backend infrastructure · AI apps","description":"A Postgres-based backend platform used by developers and AI app-building tools.","lineage":"The founders’ postmortem dates its surprise alpha breakout to May 27, 2020. The company describes a globally distributed team; no single headquarters or total headcount is inferred.","sources":[{"label":"Alpha launch history","url":"https://supabase.com/blog/alpha-launch-postmortem"},{"label":"Company and founders","url":"https://supabase.com/company"},{"label":"Series F and AI-builder adoption","url":"https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-series-f"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2021-10-28","amount":30000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Coatue"],"investors":[],"source":"https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-series-a"},{"name":"Series F · includes employee liquidity","date":"2026-06-04","amount":500000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["GIC"],"investors":["Stripe","Georgian","Salesforce Ventures"],"source":"https://supabase.com/blog/supabase-series-f","includeInSubtotal":false,"note":"Includes employee secondary liquidity without a separated amount. Excluded from primary-funding subtotal. Existing investors participated but are not all named in this announcement."}]},{"id":"atoms","name":"Atoms","website":"https://atoms.co","founded":"Atoms name adopted · March 2026","founders":["Travis Kalanick"],"hq":"Los Angeles, California, US","category":"Physical AI · industrial robotics · food, mining and transport","description":"Kalanick’s physical-automation company spanning specialized robotics and operating businesses.","lineage":"Evolved from City Storage Systems and CloudKitchens. The Atoms name marks a renaming and expansion in 2026.","sources":[{"label":"Founder vision","url":"https://atoms.co/vision"},{"label":"Official businesses","url":"https://atoms.co/"},{"label":"Launch reporting","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/uber-cofounder-kalanick-launches-atoms-in-specialized-robotics-push-4561080"},{"label":"Investor announcement","url":"https://a16z.com/travis-is-back/"},{"label":"Financing report","url":"https://siliconangle.com/2026/07/23/industrial-automation-startup-atoms-raises-1-7b-funding/"},{"label":"Company location and Joby partnership","url":"https://www.axios.com/2026/08/04/mobility-hubs-air-taxis-robotaxis-joby-atoms-kalanick"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Disclosed equity financing","date":"2026-07-22","amount":1700000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["Uber"],"source":"https://siliconangle.com/2026/07/23/industrial-automation-startup-atoms-raises-1-7b-funding/","note":"Reported July 23 about Wednesday’s announcement. Additional investors are not all named. Concurrent debt financing is unquantified and excluded from this equity subtotal."}]},{"id":"basepower","name":"Base Power","website":"https://www.basepowercompany.com","founded":"2023","founders":["Zach Dell","Justin Lopas"],"hq":"Austin, Texas, US","category":"Energy · distributed batteries · grid infrastructure","description":"An energy company combining home batteries, electricity service and grid operations.","lineage":"Founded in 2023 and publicly introduced in May 2024. Distributed batteries and software connect household backup power to wider grid operations.","sources":[{"label":"Founding-era company study","url":"https://www.notboring.co/p/base-power-company"},{"label":"Company mission and founders","url":"https://www.basepowercompany.com/about"},{"label":"Company press archive","url":"https://www.basepowercompany.com/press"},{"label":"Company financing and headquarters announcement","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260803203117/en/Base-Power-Announces-%241B-Series-D-and-Launches-Base-Core-First-of-its-Kind-Home-Battery-Built-in-the-United-States"},{"label":"Investor funding history","url":"https://jobs.a16z.com/company/base-power"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series B","date":"2025-04-09","amount":200000000,"leads":["Addition","Andreessen Horowitz","Lightspeed Venture Partners","Valor Equity Partners"],"investors":["Thrive Capital","Altimeter Capital","Trust Ventures","Terrain"],"source":"https://jobs.a16z.com/company/base-power","note":"Selected disclosed participants, as listed by investor a16z."},{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-10-08","amount":1000000000,"leads":["Addition"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Trust Ventures","Valor Equity Partners","Thrive Capital","Lightspeed Venture Partners","Altimeter Capital","Ribbit Capital","CapitalG","BOND"],"source":"https://jobs.a16z.com/company/base-power","note":"Investor a16z records this round and the named participants."},{"name":"Series D","date":"2026-08-03","amount":1000000000,"leads":["Ribbit Capital","Addition","Valor Equity Partners","JPMorganChase Strategic Investment Group"],"investors":["Altimeter Capital","D1 Capital Partners","Sands Capital","Coatue","Layer Global","Energy Impact Partners","Thrive Capital","Andreessen Horowitz","Lightspeed Venture Partners","Trust Ventures","CapitalG"],"source":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260803203117/en/Base-Power-Announces-%241B-Series-D-and-Launches-Base-Core-First-of-its-Kind-Home-Battery-Built-in-the-United-States","note":"Named investors from the company release. The announcement describes additional participants without naming all of them."}],"totalFunding":{"display":"More than $2.5B capital","note":"Company-reported capital raised, August 3, 2026. Capital is the company’s term; the selected rounds below do not establish a complete primary-equity total.","source":{"label":"Company financing and headquarters announcement","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260803203117/en/Base-Power-Announces-%241B-Series-D-and-Launches-Base-Core-First-of-its-Kind-Home-Battery-Built-in-the-United-States"}}},{"id":"stripe","name":"Stripe","website":"https://stripe.com","founded":"2010","founders":["Patrick Collison","John Collison"],"hq":"San Francisco, US · Dublin, Ireland","category":"Payments · financial infrastructure · agentic commerce","description":"Builds payments and financial infrastructure, including protocols for AI-agent commerce.","lineage":"The Collison brothers founded Stripe in 2010. Its work with OpenAI connects the payments stack to agent-assisted purchasing.","sources":[{"label":"Founder biography","url":"https://www.schumer.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Patrick%20Collison.pdf"},{"label":"Company information","url":"https://stripe.com/newsroom/information"},{"label":"Agentic Commerce Protocol","url":"https://stripe.com/blog/developing-an-open-standard-for-agentic-commerce"},{"label":"Company financing terms","url":"https://stripe.com/newsroom/news/stripe-series-i-employee-liquidity"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series I · employee liquidity","date":"2023-03-15","amount":6500000000,"amountQualifier":">","leads":[],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Baillie Gifford","Founders Fund","General Catalyst","MSD Partners","Thrive Capital","GIC","Goldman Sachs Asset and Wealth Management","Temasek"],"source":"https://stripe.com/newsroom/news/stripe-series-i-employee-liquidity","includeInSubtotal":false,"capitalType":"employee-liquidity","note":"New shares fund employee liquidity and equity-tax obligations; retired shares offset the issuance. Excluded from a comparable operating-capital subtotal. Goldman Sachs was placement agent; JPMorgan was an adviser, not identified here as an investor."}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Selected financing","note":"The recorded Series I is an employee-liquidity financing, not operating cash needed by the business. It is excluded from a comparable primary operating-capital subtotal. Later secondary tender offers are separate transactions.","source":{"label":"Company financing terms","url":"https://stripe.com/newsroom/news/stripe-series-i-employee-liquidity"}}},{"id":"erebor","name":"Erebor Bank","website":"https://erebor.bank","founded":"2025 · charter effective February 6, 2026","founders":["Palmer Luckey","Owen Rapaport","Jacob Hirshman","Aaron Pelz","Trevor Capozza"],"hq":"Columbus, Ohio, US","category":"Banking · technology companies · digital assets","description":"A nationally chartered bank serving technology and innovation businesses.","lineage":"Its national-bank charter process is recorded from OCC documents. Conditional approval in October 2025 is distinct from the February 2026 effective date. Luckey is a founder, not identified here as its CEO.","sources":[{"label":"Regulator charter history and headquarters","url":"https://apps.occ.gov/CAS/home/details?FilingID=NGzrdlDperpA&FilingSubtypeID=1101&FilingTypeID=2"},{"label":"Conditional approval","url":"https://www.occ.treas.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2025/nr-occ-2025-101.html"},{"label":"Founder and company reporting","url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/mergers-and-acquisitions/palmer-luckeys-erebor-bank-eyes-at-least-8-billion-valuation"},{"label":"Investor founding-team profile","url":"https://www.luxcapital.com/companies/erebor"}],"rounds":[]},{"id":"mercury","name":"Mercury","website":"https://mercury.com","founded":"2017","founders":["Immad Akhund","Jason Zhang","Max Tagher"],"hq":null,"category":"Fintech · startup banking software · financial operations","description":"A financial technology platform providing business accounts and financial operations through banking partners.","lineage":"Founded in 2017 and publicly launched in April 2019. Its 2025 charter application is not proof of receiving a bank charter; the company’s current disclosure identifies Mercury as a fintech, with banking services from partner banks.","sources":[{"label":"Founding and Series C","url":"https://mercury.com/blog/series-c-announcement"},{"label":"Launch month and Series A","url":"https://mercury.com/blog/series-a"},{"label":"Founders and charter application","url":"https://mercury.com/blog/occ-national-bank-charter-application"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series A","date":"2019-09-25","amount":20000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["CRV"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","Dreamers Fund","Thirty Five Ventures","Serena Ventures","The Cultural Leadership Fund","Clocktower Ventures","500 Fintech"],"source":"https://mercury.com/blog/series-a","note":"Selected named institutional participants; the announcement lists additional individual angels."},{"name":"Series C · primary and secondary","date":"2025-03-25","amount":300000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Sequoia Capital"],"investors":["Spark Capital","Marathon","Coatue","CRV","Andreessen Horowitz"],"source":"https://mercury.com/blog/series-c-announcement","includeInSubtotal":false,"note":"A mix of primary funding and secondary sales. Components are not separated; excluded from the primary subtotal."}]},{"id":"fal","name":"fal","website":"https://fal.ai","founded":"2021","founders":["Burkay Gur","Gorkem Yurtseven"],"hq":null,"category":"Generative media · inference infrastructure · developer APIs","description":"An inference and model platform for generative images, video and audio.","lineage":"Founded by Burkay Gur and Gorkem Yurtseven after work at Coinbase and Amazon. The profile separates infrastructure delivery from ownership of every model offered on its platform.","sources":[{"label":"Company origins","url":"https://fal.ai/about"},{"label":"Dated funding and team disclosure","url":"https://blog.fal.ai/our-series-d-scaling-fal/"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series D","date":"2025-12-09","amount":140000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","Kleiner Perkins","NVIDIA"],"source":"https://blog.fal.ai/our-series-d-scaling-fal/","note":"Company identifies new investors and continued existing support, without naming a lead or every existing participant."}],"employees":{"value":"70 people · December 9, 2025","asOf":"2025-12-09","scope":"fal team","note":"Dated company-reported team size; not a current employee census.","source":{"label":"Dated team disclosure","url":"https://blog.fal.ai/our-series-d-scaling-fal/"}}},{"id":"linear","name":"Linear","website":"https://linear.app","founded":"2019","founders":["Karri Saarinen","Jori Lallo","Tuomas Artman"],"hq":null,"category":"Product development · issue tracking · human-agent collaboration","description":"A product-development platform organizing software work for teams and AI agents.","lineage":"Founded in 2019. Its company page describes a distributed team across North America and Europe; this does not establish a single verified headquarters.","sources":[{"label":"Founders and company history","url":"https://linear.app/about"},{"label":"Founder financing announcement","url":"https://karrisaarinen.com/posts/building-our-way/"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series C","date":"2025-06-10","amount":82000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Accel"],"investors":[],"source":"https://karrisaarinen.com/posts/building-our-way/","note":"Selected financing; participant roster is not fully itemized in this edition."}]},{"id":"tbpn","name":"TBPN","website":"https://www.tbpn.com","founded":null,"founders":["Jordi Hays","John Coogan"],"hq":null,"category":"Technology media · live interviews · AI industry","description":"Technology Business Programming Network, a daily live technology talk show.","lineage":"OpenAI announced its acquisition on April 2, 2026. The buyer says the show retains editorial independence; that is a stated arrangement, not an independent audit of programming.","sources":[{"label":"Acquisition, hosts and editorial terms","url":"https://openai.com/index/openai-acquires-tbpn/"},{"label":"Official show","url":"https://www.tbpn.com"}],"rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Acquired by OpenAI · April 2, 2026","note":"The acquisition announcement does not disclose the purchase price or a complete earlier funding history. Acquisition consideration is not counted as venture funding.","source":{"label":"Acquisition announcement","url":"https://openai.com/index/openai-acquires-tbpn/"}}},{"id":"databricks","name":"Databricks","website":"https://www.databricks.com","founded":"2013","founders":["Ali Ghodsi","Matei Zaharia","Ion Stoica","Patrick Wendell","Reynold Xin","Andy Konwinski","Arsalan Tavakoli"],"hq":"San Francisco, California, US","category":"Data platforms · lakehouse · enterprise AI","description":"A data and AI company rooted in UC Berkeley and the Apache Spark open-source project.","lineage":"Founded in 2013 by seven Berkeley researchers. The archive includes the data and infrastructure companies supporting AI applications and model development.","sources":[{"label":"Company history and headquarters","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/about-us"},{"label":"Founding team","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/founders"},{"label":"Company expanded equity and debt disclosure","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-grows-65-yoy-surpasses-5-4-billion-revenue-run-rate"},{"label":"Original Series L investor disclosure","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-surpasses-4-8b-revenue-run-rate-growing-55-year-over-year"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Series L · expanded close","date":"2026-02-09","amount":5000000000,"amountQualifier":"~","leads":["Insight Partners","Fidelity Management & Research Company","J.P. Morgan Asset Management"],"investors":["Andreessen Horowitz","BlackRock-managed funds and accounts","Blackstone-managed funds","Coatue","GIC","MGX","NEA","Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan","Robinhood Ventures","T. Rowe Price-advised accounts","Temasek","Thrive Capital","Winslow Capital","JPMorganChase Strategic Investment Group","Glade Brook Capital","Goldman Sachs Alternatives growth equity","Microsoft","Morgan Stanley","Neuberger-affiliated funds","Qatar Investment Authority","UBS-associated funds"],"source":"https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-grows-65-yoy-surpasses-5-4-billion-revenue-run-rate","note":"Approximately $5B of equity, expanding the December 2025 Series L announcement. Roughly $2B of additional debt capacity is excluded. Participants combine the original announcement and this expanded close; unnamed participants are not inferred."}],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Selected equity financing","note":"Selected disclosed round, not a lifetime total or latest valuation. The roughly $5B Series L equity close excludes roughly $2B of additional debt capacity. Later strategic financing requires its own closing disclosure.","source":{"label":"Company expanded equity and debt disclosure","url":"https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-grows-65-yoy-surpasses-5-4-billion-revenue-run-rate"}}},{"id":"unconventional","name":"Unconventional AI","website":"https://unconv.ai","founded":"Public introduction · December 2025","founders":["Naveen Rao","MeeLan Lee","Sara Achour","Michael Carbin"],"hq":null,"category":"Physical computing · AI hardware · dynamical-system models","description":"Develops AI computing approaches based on physical dynamics and hardware/software co-design.","lineage":"Its public introduction is dated December 8, 2025. Un-0 is a simulated oscillator-based image generator; the company’s long-term energy-efficiency target is not presented as measured commercial-chip performance.","sources":[{"label":"Original company introduction","url":"https://www.unconventional.ws/blog/introducing-unconventional-ai/"},{"label":"Founder statement","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/naveengrao_introducing-unconventional-ai-unconventional-activity-7403847755162386433-fg60"},{"label":"Un-0 release","url":"https://unconv.ai/blog/introducing-un-0-generating-images-with-coupled-oscillators/"},{"label":"Open code and weights","url":"https://github.com/unconv-ai/Un-0"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2025-12-08","amount":475000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Lightspeed Venture Partners","Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["Sequoia Capital","Lux Capital","DCVC","Future Ventures","Jeff Bezos"],"source":"https://www.unconventional.ws/blog/introducing-unconventional-ai/","note":"Disclosure date. Rao also announced a planned $10M personal investment; it is not added separately to avoid double counting or treating a future plan as completed funding."}]},{"id":"mts","name":"MTS, Monitoring the Situation","website":"https://www.mts.now","founded":"Public launch · April 20, 2026","founders":["Chris Bakke","Theo Jaffee","Gabriel Dickinson","Sophie (@netcapgirl)"],"hq":null,"category":"Technology media · live news · AI industry","description":"A live technology-news and talk show broadcasting on X with an on-demand episode archive.","lineage":"The launch announcement names a selected founding team and initial hosts. This is the media company @MTSlive, distinct from MTS telecom, MTS AI and similarly named services.","sources":[{"label":"Launch and founding team","url":"https://www.a16z.news/p/monitoring-the-situation"},{"label":"Official show and archive","url":"https://www.mts.now/"},{"label":"Official X account","url":"https://x.com/MTSlive"}],"rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Seed backing announced · April 20, 2026","note":"a16z announced seed backing alongside Dan Romero, Packy McCormick, Soona Amhaz, Julia DeWahl, Zach Perrett, Austin Rief, Ryan Delk and Jonathan Swanson. Amount and complete cap table are not disclosed.","source":{"label":"Investor launch announcement","url":"https://www.a16z.news/p/monitoring-the-situation"}}},{"id":"ghost","name":"Ghost","website":"https://ghost.ai","founded":"Public introduction · October 5, 2026","hq":"San Francisco, California, US","hqNote":"Company privacy contact is in San Francisco; launch coverage also locates its assembly facility there.","founders":["Zain Javaid","Nicholas Chua","Yifei Chen","Gautam Sharda"],"category":"Personal AI · local models · consumer hardware","description":"Builds Core, dedicated hardware for a personal AI assistant with local models and memory.","lineage":"ZMJ, Inc. trades as Ghost. Core’s public order opening is recorded separately from an unverified incorporation date. The founding team is named in launch reporting.","sources":[{"label":"Core product","url":"https://ghost.ai/"},{"label":"Company vision","url":"https://ghost.ai/about"},{"label":"Legal identity, location and data handling","url":"https://ghost.ai/privacy"},{"label":"Founder financing announcement","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/zainmfj_we-raised-11-million-from-andreessen-horowitz-ugcPost-7512916877170585600-Lehx"},{"label":"Founding team","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2026/10/05/at-19-ghost-founder-raises-11-million-to-build-a-3499-computer-for-your-personal-ai/"},{"label":"Launch date and financing report","url":"https://siliconangle.com/2026/10/05/ai-agent-hardware-startup-ghost-led-by-its-19-year-old-founder-raises-11m/"}],"rounds":[{"name":"Seed","date":"2026-10-05","amount":11000000,"currency":"USD","leads":["Andreessen Horowitz"],"investors":["Audacious Ventures","Abstract","SV Angel","Nova","Cory Levy","Max Mullen","Vincent Weisser","Zach Sims","Maria Davidson"],"source":"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/zainmfj_we-raised-11-million-from-andreessen-horowitz-ugcPost-7512916877170585600-Lehx","note":"Founder discloses $11M and these backers; contemporaneous reporting identifies a16z as lead. Date is the public disclosure, not a separately verified closing date. This is a disclosed roster, not a complete cap table."}]},{"id":"underdog","name":"Underdog AI","website":"https://underdog.ai","founded":"Public launch · October 2, 2026","hq":null,"founders":["Sigil Wen"],"category":"Personal AI · on-device models · inference engines","description":"A personal AI assistant designed to run local models on devices people already own.","lineage":"Founded by Sigil Wen. Its public launch and named backing were announced on October 2, 2026.","logoAlt":"Underdog AI official logo","sources":[{"label":"Official Underdog AI account","url":"https://x.com/UnderdogAI"},{"label":"Founder launch and named backers","url":"https://x.com/0xSigil/status/2106067365733790032"}],"rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Backing announced · October 2, 2026","note":"The founder names a16z, Khosla Ventures, Hummingbird VC, Anthology (Anthropic and Menlo Ventures), Patrick Collison, Naval Ravikant, Guillermo Rauch, Noam Brown, Thomas Wolf, @Mascobot, @tszzl and Logan Kilpatrick, among others. Amount and complete cap table are not disclosed.","source":{"label":"Founder announcement on X","url":"https://x.com/0xSigil/status/2106067365733790032"}}},{"id":"pocket","name":"Pocket","website":"https://heypocket.com","founded":"2024","hq":"San Francisco, California, US","founders":["Akshay Narisetti","Gabriel Dymowski"],"category":"AI hardware · conversation capture · meeting memory","description":"Makes a dedicated AI recorder and companion software for transcripts, summaries and follow-ups.","lineage":"Operated by Open Vision Engineering, Inc. Founded in late 2024; product launch in October 2025. YC Winter 2026 company.","employees":{"value":"35","observedOn":"2026-10-15","scope":"YC-listed team size","note":"YC directory figure observed October 15, 2026; not a dated company employee census.","source":{"label":"YC company directory","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/pocket"}},"rounds":[{"name":"Disclosed financing","date":"2026-06-29","amount":11000000,"currency":"USD","leads":[],"investors":["Accel","Y Combinator","Guillermo Rauch","Mati Staniszewski","Kaz Nejatian"],"source":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/06/29/3318980/0/en/pocket-raises-11m-from-accel-and-others-as-demand-surges-for-its-personal-ai-assistant-device.html","note":"Company announcement discloses $11M and these selected participants. Accel confirms seed participation; neither source specifies a lead or a complete investor roster."}],"sources":[{"label":"Official product","url":"https://heypocket.com"},{"label":"YC company, founders and team size","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/pocket"},{"label":"Investor founding and launch history","url":"https://www.accel.com/news/the-device-that-remembers-so-you-don-t-have-to-our-investment-in-pocket"},{"label":"Company financing announcement","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/06/29/3318980/0/en/pocket-raises-11m-from-accel-and-others-as-demand-surges-for-its-personal-ai-assistant-device.html"}]},{"id":"cua","name":"Cua","website":"https://cua.ai","founded":"March 2025","hq":"San Francisco, California, US","founders":["Francesco Bonacci"],"category":"Computer-use agents · desktop infrastructure · open-source tools","description":"Builds desktop environments and tools for AI agents to use graphical applications.","lineage":"Bonacci previously worked at Microsoft. Dillon DuPont joined shortly after founding. Lume and Cua Driver are MIT licensed; Spaces uses FSL-1.1-MIT.","rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Backed by Y Combinator · Spring 2025","note":"Company and YC sources confirm the backing; a company-specific financing amount and full investor roster are not disclosed here.","source":{"label":"YC company profile","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/cua"}},"sources":[{"label":"Official product and licensing","url":"https://cua.ai/"},{"label":"Founder, location and company history","url":"https://cua.ai/about"},{"label":"YC company profile","url":"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/cua"}]},{"id":"antifund","name":"Anti Fund","website":"https://www.antifund.com","organizationType":"investor","founded":"2021","hq":null,"founders":["Jake Paul","Geoffrey Woo"],"category":"Venture capital · AI · defense · infrastructure","description":"An investment firm backing early technical founders and growth-stage technology companies.","lineage":"Founded by Jake Paul and Geoffrey Woo. The official portfolio distinguishes firm investments from marked personal investments, including Woo’s early Ramp positions.","rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Venture and growth investment firm","note":"Fund commitments and assets under management are distinct from financing raised by a portfolio company. No management-company funding total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Official firm and investment approach","url":"https://www.antifund.com/"}},"sources":[{"label":"Official team and portfolio","url":"https://www.antifund.com/"},{"label":"Founding year and founders","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/anti-fund"}]},{"id":"starlink","name":"Starlink","website":"https://www.starlink.com","organizationType":"business-unit","founded":null,"hq":null,"founders":["SpaceX"],"category":"Satellite connectivity · low-Earth-orbit infrastructure","description":"SpaceX’s satellite communications business, connecting users through a low-Earth-orbit network.","lineage":"Part of SpaceX. The first 60-satellite batch and Direct to Cell demonstration are recorded as separate milestones.","rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"SpaceX business","note":"No separate Starlink financing total is asserted. SpaceX fundraising is recorded in its own profile.","source":{"label":"Starlink official site","url":"https://www.starlink.com/"}},"sources":[{"label":"Official Starlink service","url":"https://www.starlink.com/"},{"label":"2019 launch record","url":"https://www.dvidshub.net/image/5406057/falcon-9-starlink-launches-60-satellites-cape-canaveral"},{"label":"Direct to Cell engineering update","url":"https://starlink.com/public-files/DIRECT_TO_CELL_FIRST_TEXT_UPDATE.pdf"}]},{"id":"khosla","name":"Khosla Ventures","website":"https://www.khoslaventures.com","founded":"2004","hq":null,"category":"Venture capital · AI · frontier technology","founders":["Vinod Khosla"],"description":"A venture firm backing early technology companies across AI, computing, energy and other fields.","lineage":"Vinod Khosla started the firm in 2004 after co-founding Sun Microsystems and investing at Kleiner Perkins. Its recorded investments connect to OpenAI, Sabi and other companies in this archive.","sources":[{"label":"Founder on the firm’s 2004 origins","url":"https://www.khoslaventures.com/posts/the-new-york-times-maintain-the-silicon-valley-vision"},{"label":"Vinod Khosla · history and investments","url":"https://www.khoslaventures.com/team/vinod-khosla"}],"organizationType":"investor","rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Fund commitments and assets under management are not company funding. No lifetime financing total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Founder on the firm’s 2004 origins","url":"https://www.khoslaventures.com/posts/the-new-york-times-maintain-the-silicon-valley-vision"}}},{"id":"lightspeed","name":"Lightspeed Venture Partners","website":"https://lsvp.com","founded":"2000","hq":null,"category":"Venture capital · AI · enterprise technology","founders":["Barry Eggers","Chris Schaepe","Ravi Mhatre","Peter Nieh"],"description":"A global venture firm investing in technology companies, including frontier models, enterprise software and physical AI.","lineage":"The firm’s history dates its founding to 2000. Recorded investments here connect Lightspeed to Anthropic, Anduril and other technology companies. Its global operations are distinct from any one office.","sources":[{"label":"Official founding timeline · 2000","url":"https://lsvp.com/thefutureofvc/the-future-of-venture-capital/"},{"label":"Founder account and founding partners","url":"https://lsvp.com/team-member/barry-eggers/"},{"label":"Team and co-founder roles","url":"https://lsvp.com/lightspeed-team/"}],"organizationType":"investor","rounds":[],"fundingStatus":{"display":"Investment organization","note":"Fund commitments and assets under management are not company funding. No lifetime financing total is asserted.","source":{"label":"Official founding timeline · 2000","url":"https://lsvp.com/thefutureofvc/the-future-of-venture-capital/"}}},{"id":"menlo","name":"Menlo Ventures","website":"https://menlovc.com","founded":"1976","hq":"Menlo Park / San Francisco, US","hqNote":"The firm lists offices in both cities; no single headquarters is inferred.","category":"Venture capital · AI · enterprise technology","founders":["H. 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